--------------------------------------------------------------------- GNU's Bulletin January, 1994 The GNU's Bulletin is the semi-annual newsletter of the Free Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation, Inc. Telephone: +1-617-876-3296 675 Massachusetts Avenue FAX: +1-617-492-9057 Cambridge, MA 02139-3309 FAX (in Japan): USA 0031-13-2473 (KDD) Electronic mail: `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' 0066-3382-0158 (IDC) Contents -------- GNU's Who GNU's Bulletin What Is the Free Software Foundation? What Is Copyleft? Donations Translate Into Free Software Cygnus Matches Donations! GNUs Flashes What Is the LPF? News from the LPF Free Software Support Project GNU Wish List Towards a New Strategy of OS Design Part 1: A More Usable Approach to OS Design The Translator Mechanism Generic Services Clever Filesystem Pictures What The User Can Do Why This Is So Different Part 2: A Look at Some of the Hurd's Beasts The Authentication Server The Process Server Transparent FTP Filesystems Terminals Executing Programs New Processes Asynchronous Messages Making It Look Like Unix Network Protocols Second Annual GNU Seminar in Japan GNU and other Free Software in Japan Freely Available Texts OCEAN Integrated-Circuit Design System Hundred Acre Consulting Expands Project GNU Status Report GNU Documentation GNU Software Available Now Contents of the Emacs Tape Contents of the Languages Tape Contents of the Utilities Tape Contents of the Scheme Tape Contents of the X11 Tapes Berkeley Networking 2 Tape VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes Source Code CD-ROM Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service How to Get GNU Software The Deluxe Distribution MS-DOS Distribution Contents of the Demacs diskettes Contents of the DJGPP diskettes Contents of the Selected Utilities diskettes Contents of the Windows diskette Free Software for Microcomputers FSF T-shirt Thank GNUs Free Software Foundation Order Form GNU's Who ********* Michael Bushnell continues to work on the Hurd, while also maintaining `tar'. Roland McGrath maintains `make' and the GNU C library, helps with Emacs 19, and is now working on the Hurd. Jan Brittenson is working on the Hurd network server. Noah Friedman is our system ambiguator, release coordinator, and maintains a few programs in his copious spare time. Carl Hoffman is our fundraiser and conference organizer. Lisa `Opus' Goldstein is our Treasurer. Robert J. Chassell is writing an `Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp' and remains on our Board of Directors. Larissa Carlson is Lisa's office assistant. Charles Hannum works on typesetting and many other jobs. Jim Blandy has left to pursue academic interests. Melissa Weisshaus and Tom Lord have also left the FSF. All three still volunteer part-time. Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks, such as Emacs maintenance. Volunteer Len Tower remains our on-line JOAT (jack-of-all-trades), handling mailing lists and gnUSENET, information requests, etc. GNU's Bulletin ************** Written and Edited by: Jan Brittenson, Noah S. Friedman, and Leonard H. Tower Jr. Illustrations by: Etienne Suvasa and Jamal Hannah Japanese Edition by: Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi The GNU's Bulletin is published at the end of January and June of each year. Please note that there is no postal mailing list. To get a copy, send your name and address with your request to the address on the front page. Enclosing a business sized self-addressed stamped envelope ($0.52) and/or a donation of a few dollars is appreciated but not required. If you're from outside the USA, sending a mailing label rather than an envelope and enough International Reply Coupons for a package of about 100 grams is appreciated but not required. (Including a few extra International Reply Coupons for copying costs is also appreciated.) Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. What Is the Free Software Foundation? ************************************* The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on people's right to use, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. We promote the development and use of free software in all areas using computers. Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated software system named "GNU" ("GNU's Not Unix", pronounced "guh-new") that will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Most parts of this system are already being used and distributed. The word "free" in our name refers to freedom, not price. You may or may not pay money to get GNU software, but regardless you have two specific freedoms once you get it: first, the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and co-workers; and second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code. You can study the source and learn how such programs are written. You may then be able to port it, improve it, and share your changes with others. If you redistribute GNU software you may charge a distribution fee or give it away. Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be available. By contrast, the Free Software Foundation concentrates on the development of new free software, working towards a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the need to purchase a proprietary system. Besides developing GNU, the FSF distributes GNU software and manuals for a distribution fee and accepts gifts (tax-deductible in the U.S.) to support GNU development. Most of the FSF's funds come from this distribution service. The Officers of the Foundation are: Richard M. Stallman, President, and Lisa Goldstein, Treasurer/Secretary. The Foundation Board of Directors are: Richard M. Stallman, Gerald J. Sussman, Harold Abelson, Robert J. Chassell, and Leonard H. Tower Jr. What Is Copyleft? ***************** The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain, uncopyrighted. But this permits proprietary modifications, denying others the freedom to use and redistribute improvements; it is contrary to the intent of increasing the total amount of free software. To prevent this, "copyleft" uses copyrights in a novel manner. Typically copyrights take away freedoms; copyleft preserves them. It is a legal instrument that requires those who pass on a program to include the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the code; the code and rights become legally inseparable. The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from the combination of a regular copyright notice and the "GNU General Public License" (GPL). The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you have the aforementioned freedoms. An alternate form, the "GNU Library General Public License" (LGPL), applies to a few GNU libraries. This license permits linking the libraries into proprietary executables under certain conditions. The appropriate license is included in all GNU source code distributions and many manuals. Printed copies are available upon request. We strongly encourage you to copyleft your programs and documentation, and we have made it as simple as possible for you to do so. The details on how to apply either license appear at the end of each license. Donations Translate Into Free Software ************************************** If you appreciate Emacs, GNU CC, Ghostscript, and other free software, you may wish to help us make sure there is more in the future-remember, *donations translate into more free software!* Your donation to us is tax-deductible in the United States. We gladly accept *all* currencies, although the U.S. dollar is the most convenient. If your employer has a matching gifts program for charitable donations, please arrange to have your donation matched by your employer (or in some cases by Cygnus Support, see "Cygnus Matched Donations!"). If you do not know, please ask your personnel department. Also try and get the FSF listed on the any list of organziations for the matching gifts program. $500 $250 $100 $50 other $________ Other currency:________ Circle the amount you are donating, cut out this form, and send it with your donation to: Free Software Foundation 675 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-3309 USA You can also charge a donation to either Visa, Mastercard, JCB, Diner's Club, or Carte Blanche. Charges may also be emailed to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' or faxed to +1-617-492-9057; in Japan fax to: 0031-13-2473 (KDD) or 0066-3382-0158 (IDC) Card type: __________________ Expiration Date: _____________ Account Number: _____________________________________________ Your Signature: _____________________________________________ Cygnus Matches Donations! ************************* To encourage cash donations to the Free Software Foundation, Cygnus Support will continue to contribute corporate funds to FSF to accompany gifts by its employees, and by its customers and their employees. Donations payable to the Free Software Foundation should be sent by eligible persons to Cygnus Support, which will add its gifts and forward the total to the FSF each quarter. The FSF will provide the contributor with a receipt to recognize the contribution (which is tax-deductible on U.S. tax returns). For more information, please contact Cygnus at `info@cygnus.com.' GNUs Flashes ************ * Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM We are now offering a CD-ROM that contains executables for the GNU compiler tools for some systems for which vendors ship their operating system without a compiler. This will allow users of those systems to compile GNU and other free software without having to buy a proprietary compiler. See "Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM" for more details. We hope to have more systems included with each update of this CD-ROM. If you can help build binaries for new systems, or have a system to suggest, please contact us at either address on the front cover. * FSF Distributing on DAT Cassettes We are now offering our software on 4mm DAT cassette tapes. For more information, see "Free Software Foundation Order Form". * Source CD-ROM subscriptions We are now offering a subscription service for the Source CD-ROM, in addition to our tape subscription service. For the price of 3 CD-ROMs you get the next 4 that we make. Presently we make two updates a year, but we may go to more frequent updates. See the article "Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service". * FSF accepts credit cards FSF takes these credit cards: Visa, Mastercard, Diner's Club, JCB, and Carte Blanche. Note that we are charged about 5% of an order's total amount in credit card processing fees. Please consider paying by check instead, or adding on a 5% donation to make up the difference. * FSF accepts orders and donations via FAX You can now send orders and donations to FSF by fax. Please fax in a completed order form, including credit card information, since orders must be prepaid. We do *not* accept purchase orders. The number is +1-617-492-9057 in the US and everywhere else except Japan. In Japan the FAX numbers are toll-free: 0031-13-2473 (KDD) and 0066-3382-0158 (IDC). * FSF T-shirts improved! We have just added a copy of the GNU General Public License to the back of our t-shirt, which use to be blank. See the article "FSF T-shirt" * Informal "GCC Consortium" A group of companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments, and Analog Devices have pooled funds to support central maintenance of GNU CC, which is now done by Richard Kenner of New York University. The task of central maintenance is to take responsibility for fixing bugs, integrating and cleaning up contributions, making releases and writing high priority improvements. Richard Stallman hopes this will enable him to undertake a new project. * GCC 2 is released, GCC/G++/libg++ 1 Dropped Since version 2.5.7, the GNU C Compiler has been out of beta test. G++ and GCC Version 1 are no longer being maintained or distributed by the FSF. Also, libg++ Version 1 has been dropped. * Free Software Bundled with Hardware Field Technology, Inc. of Wilton, CT is selling "Linux machines" using only copylefted & public domain software. The Unix-compatible systems are shipped ready to run, with popular programs such as TeX, Emacs, GNU C/C`++', the X Window System, & TCP/IP networking. Field Technology makes a donation to the Free Software Foundation for each system sold. Contact `info@fieldtech.com' or +1-203-761-9363 for more information. * Experimental Tape Takes A Recess We are not currently distributing the Experimental Tape because most of programs that were on it are now stable. GCC, GAS, Binutils, libg++ & the GNU C Library have moved to the Languages Tape, replacing prior releases. Oleo & GNU Graphics are now on the Utilities Tape. * SNePS Now Free Software The current release, 2.1, of the Semantic Network Processing System (SNePS), is publicly available under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Previously it was available for a licensing fee. SNePS is the implementation of a fully intensional theory of propositional knowledge representation and reasoning. SNePS 2.1 requires Common-Lisp and runs on SPARCs with SunOS 4, as well as the TI Explorer I/II. Previous versions ran on Symbolics CL, AKCL, and VAX Common-Lisp, but the current release remains untested on these systems. SNePS can be obtained by anonymous FTP from `ftp.cs.buffalo.edu' in `/pub/sneps'. * Lisp Class Library for C++ Programmers Lily is a C`++' class library providing Lisp-like functionality, including automatic garbage collection. Lily is available by anonymous FTP from `sunsite.unc.edu'. For more info, write `sheldon@kong.gsfc.nasa.gov'. * Free Widget Foundation Announces Widgets The Free Widget Foundation (FWF) is a grass-roots, all volunteer effort to create a set of powerful, flexible, freely-accessible X graphical user-interface modules (widgets). Since its start in 1990, the FWF release has grown to over 40 widgets, now used in several popular X applications. The FWF is not related to the Free Software Foundation, but it shares our goal of making high-quality software freely redistributable. For information or to volunteer, get `/pub/FWF/README' via anonymous FTP to `a.cs.uiuc.edu', write `free-widgets-info@flute.cs.uiuc.edu', or write: The Free Widget Foundation c/o Brian Totty Department of Computer Science University of Illinois -- Urbana 1304 W. Springfield Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 USA What Is the LPF? **************** The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) aims to protect the freedom to write software. This freedom is threatened by "look-and-feel" interface copyright lawsuits and by software patents. The LPF does not endorse free software or the FSF. The League's members include programmers, entrepreneurs, students, professors, and even software companies. >From the League membership form: The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of professors, students, business people, programmers, and users dedicated to bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League is not opposed to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on individual programs. Our aim is to reverse the recent changes made by judges in response to special interests. Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others. To join, please send a check and the following information: * Your name and phone numbers (home, work, or both). * The address to use for League mailings, a few each year (please indicate whether it is your home address or your work address). * The company you work for, and your position. * Your email address, so the League can contact you for political action. (If you don't want to be contacted for this, please say so, but please provide your email address anyway.) * Please mention anything about you which would enable your endorsement of LPF to impress the public. * Please say whether you would like to help with LPF activities. The League is not connected with the Free Software Foundation and is not itself a free software organization. The FSF supports the LPF because, like any software developer smaller than IBM, it is endangered by software patents. You are in danger too! It would be easy to ignore the problem until you or your employer is sued, but it is more prudent to organize before that happens. If you haven't made up your mind yet, write to LPF for more information: League for Programming Freedom 1 Kendall Square - #143 P.O. Box 9171 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Phone: +1-617-243-4091 Email: `lpf@uunet.uu.net' News from the LPF ***************** by Christian D.. Hofstader, `cdh@prep.ai.mit.edu' The US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) will hold hearings early in 1994 on the topic of software patents. The PTO is recognizing that something is very wrong with the current policy and is looking for input on how to correct matters. The LPF is trying to get a representative invited to testify, and will call for members and others concerned with these issues to write letters to the PTO. Contact `lpf@uunet.uu.net' for details. For the last few months, the LPF has been working on an amicus (friend of the court) brief which was presented to the appeal court in the appeal of Lotus v. Borland. The brief was directed solely at the Lotus claim to copyright over the macro language in `123' which was allowed by Judge Keeton in the lower court. The brief was filed on behalf of over 20 prominent computer scientists in the First Circuit Court on December 14, 1993. The group that the LPF organized to sign the brief included such major contributors to computer science as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, and Robert Boyer. Bob Kohn, Borland VP and General Counsel, stated, "With this group the LPF should be able to change the course of intellectual property law. Never has such an impressive group of computer scientists been assembled." The LPF will be making a supplemental filing in this case. If you are interested in signing or know someone who you feel would like to join the list, please forward the appropriate information to the LPF. Free Software Support ********************* The Free Software Foundation does not provide any technical support. Although we create software, we leave it to others to earn a living providing support. We see programmers as providing a service, much as doctors and lawyers now do; both medical and legal knowledge are freely redistributable entities for which the practitioners charge a distribution and service fee. We maintain a list of people who offer support and other consulting services, called the GNU Service Directory. It is in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution, `SERVICE' in the GCC distribution and `/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/SERVICE' on anonymous FTP host `prep.ai.mit.edu'. Contact us if you would like a printed copy or wish to be listed in it. If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know. We have many Internet mailing lists for bug reports, announcements and questions. They are also gatewayed into USENET news as the `gnu.*' newsgroups. You can request a list of the mailing lists from either address on the front cover. When we receive a bug report, we usually try to fix the problem. While our bug fixes may seem like individual assistance, they are not. Our task is so large that we must focus on that which helps the community as a whole; we do not have the resources to help individuals. We may send you a patch for a bug that helps us test the fix and ensure its quality. If your bug report does not evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from another user who reads our bug report mailing lists. Otherwise, use the Service Directory. Please do not ask us to help you install software or figure out how to use it--but do tell us how an installation script does not work or where documentation is unclear. If you have no Internet access, you can get mail and USENET news via UUCP. Contact a local UUCP site, or a commercial UUCP site such as: UUNET Communications Services 3110 Fairview Park Drive - Suite 570 Falls Church, VA 22042 USA Phone: 1-800-4UUNET4 or (703) 204-8000 Fax: (703) 204-8001 E-mail: `info@uunet.uu.net' A long list of commercial UUCP and Internet service providers is posted periodically to USENET in the newsgroup `news.announce.newusers' with `Subject: How to become a USENET site'. When choosing a service provider, ask those you are considering how much they do to assist free software development, e.g. by contributing money to free software development projects or by writing free software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this factor, you can help encourage those who profit from free software to contribute to its growth. Project GNU Wish List ********************* Wishes for this issue are for: * Volunteers to distribute this Bulletin at technical conferences, trade shows, local and national user group meetings, etc. Please phone the number on the front cover or e-mail `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' to make arrangements. * Oleo extensions and other free software for business, such as bookkeeping. * 600+ megabyte SCSI disks to give us more space to develop software. * A 386 or 486 PC compatible with 200+ MB of disk and an Ethernet card. * A 4mm DAT tape drive, an 8mm Exabyte tape drive, a Sun SPARCstation and a Sun-3/60 or 4/110. * Companies to lend us capable programmers and technical writers for at least six months. True wizards may be welcome for shorter periods, but we have found that six months is the minimum time for a good programmer to finish a worthwhile project. * Volunteers to help write programs and documentation. Send mail to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' for the task list and coding standards. * Volunteers to build binaries for systems not yet on the Compile Tools Binaries CD-ROM (especially for systems that don't come with a C compiler). Please contact us at either address on the front cover. * Professors who might be interested in sponsoring or hosting research assistants to do GNU development, with FSF support. * Speech and character recognition software and systems (if the devices aren't too weird), with the device drivers if possible. This would help the productivity of partially disabled people (including a few we know). * New quotes and ideas for articles in the GNU's Bulletin. We particularly like to highlight organizations involved with free information exchanges, software that uses the GNU General Public License, and companies providing free software support as a primary business. * Copies of newspaper and journal articles mentioning the GNU Project or GNU software. Send these to the address on the front cover, or send a citation to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. * Money. If you use and appreciate our software, please send a donation. One way to give us a small amount of money is to order a distribution tape diskette, or CD-ROM. A way to give us a larger amount of money is to order a Deluxe Distribution. These may not count as a donation for tax purposes, but they can qualify as a business expense. This is especially helpful if you work for a business where the word "donation" is anathema. Towards a New Strategy of OS Design *********************************** This article explains why FSF is developing a new operating system named the Hurd, which will be a foundation of the whole GNU system. The Hurd is built on top of CMU's Mach 3.0 kernel and uses Mach's virtual memory management and message-passing facilities. The GNU C Library will provide the Unix system call interface, and will call the Hurd for needed services it can't provide itself. The design and implementation of the Hurd is being lead by Michael Bushnell, with assistance from Richard Stallman, Roland McGrath, Jan Brittenson, and others. Part 1: A More Usable Approach to OS Design ------------------------------------------- The fundamental purpose of an operating system (OS) is to enable a variety of programs to share a single computer efficiently and productively. This demands memory protection, preemptively scheduled timesharing, coordinated access to I/O peripherals, and other services. In addition, an OS can allow several users to share a computer. In this case, efficiency demands services that protect users from harming each other, enable them to share without prior arrangement, and mediate access to physical devices. On today's computer systems, programmers usually implement these goals through a large program called the kernel. Since this program must be accessible to all user programs, it is the natural place to add functionality to the system. Since the only model for process interaction is that of specific, individual services provided by the kernel, no one creates other places to add functionality. As time goes by, more and more is added to the kernel. A traditional system allows users to add components to a kernel only if they both understand most of it and have a privileged status within the system. Testing new components requires a much more painful edit-compile-debug cycle than testing other programs. It cannot be done while others are using the system. Bugs usually cause fatal system crashes, further disrupting others' use of the system. The entire kernel is usually non-pageable. (There are systems with pageable kernels, but deciding what can be paged is difficult and error prone. Usually the mechanisms are complex, making them difficult to use even when adding simple extensions.) Because of these restrictions, functionality which properly belongs *behind* the wall of a traditional kernel is usually left out of systems unless it is absolutely mandatory. Many good ideas, best done with an open/read/write interface cannot be implemented because of the problems inherent in the monolithic nature of a traditional system. Further, even among those with the endurance to implement new ideas, only those who are privileged users of their computers can do so. The software copyright system darkens the mire by preventing unlicensed people from even reading the kernel source. Some systems have tried to addressed these difficulties. Smalltalk-80 and the Lisp Machine both represented one method of getting around the problem. System code is not distinguished from user code; all of the system is accessible to the user and can be changed as need be. Both systems were built around languages that facilitated such easy replacement and extension, and were moderately successful. But they both were fairly poor at insulating users and programs from each other, failing one of the principal goals of OS design. Most projects that use the Mach 3.0 kernel carry on the hard-to-change tradition of OS design. The internal structure is different, but the same heavy barrier between user and system remains. The single-servers, while fairly easy to construct, inherit all the deficiencies of the monolithic kernels. A multi-server divides the kernel functionality up into logical blocks with well-defined interfaces. Properly done, it is easier to make changes and add functionality. So most multi-server projects do somewhat better. Much more of the system is pageable. You can debug the system more easily. You can test new system components without interfering with other users. But the wall between user and system remains; no user can cross it without special privilege. The GNU Hurd, by contrast, is designed to make the area of *system* code as limited as possible. Programs are required to communicate only with a few essential parts of the kernel; the rest of the system is replaceable dynamically. Users can use whatever parts of the remainder of the system they want, and can easily add components themselves for other users to take advantage of. No mutual trust need exist in advance for users to use each other's services, nor does the system become vulnerable by trusting the services of arbitrary users. This has been done by identifying those system components which users *must* use in order to communicate with each other. One of these is responsible for identifying users' identities and is called the *authentication server*. In order to establish each other's identities, programs must communicate, each with an authentication server they trust. Another component establishes control over system components by the superuser, provides global bookkeeping operations, and is called the *process server*. Not all user programs need to communicate with the process server; it is only necessary for programs which require its services. Likewise, the authentication server is only necessary for programs that wish to communicate their identity to another. None of the remaining services carry any special status; not the network implementation, the filesystems, the program execution mechanism (including setuid), or any others. The Translator Mechanism ......................... The Hurd uses Mach ports primarily as methods for communicating between users and servers. (A Mach port is a communication point on a Mach task where messages are sent and received.) Each port implements a particular set of protocols, representing operations that can be undertaken on the underlying object represented by the port. Some of the protocols specified by the Hurd are the I/O protocol, used for generic I/O operations; the file protocol, used for filesystem operations; the socket protocol, used for network operations; and the process protocol, used for manipulating processes et al. Most servers are accessed by opening files. Normally, when you open a file, you create a a port associated with that file that is owned by the server that owns the directory containing the file. For example, a disk-based filesystem will normally serve a large number of ports, each of which represents an open file or directory. When a file is opened, the server creates a new port, associates it with the file, and returns the port to the calling program. However, a file can have a *translator* associated with it. In this case, rather than return its own port which refers to the contents of the file, the server executes a translator program associated with that file. This translator is given a port to the actual contents of the file, and is then asked to return a port to the original user to complete the open operation. This mechanism is used for `mount' by having a translator associated with each mount point. When a program opens the mount point, the translator (in this case, a program which understands the disk format of the mounted filesystem) is executed and returns a port to the program. After the translator is started, it need not be run again unless it dies; the parent filesystem retains a port to the translator to use in further requests. The owner of a file can associate a translator with it without special permission. This means that any program can be specified as a translator. Obviously the system will not work properly if the translator does not implement the file protocol correctly. However, the Hurd is constructed so that the worst possible consequence is an interruptible hang. One way to use translators is to access hierarchically structured data using the file protocol. For example, all the complexity of the user interface to the `ftp' program is removed. Users need only know that a particular directory represents FTP and can use all the standard file manipulation commands (e.g `ls' or `cp') to access the remote system, rather than learning a new set. Similarly, a simple translator could ease the complexity of `tar' or `gzip'. (Such transparent access would have some added cost, but it would be convenient.) Generic Services ................. With translators, the filesystem can act as a rendezvous for interfaces which are not similar to files. Consider a service which implements some version of the X protocol, using Mach messages as an underlying transport. For each X display, a file can be created with the appropriate program as its translator. X clients would open that file. At that point, few file operations would be useful (read and write, for example, would be useless), but new operations (`XCreateWindow' or `XDrawText') might become meaningful. In this case, the filesystem protocol is used only to manipulate characteristics of the node used for the rendezvous. The node need not support I/O operations, though it should reply to any such messages with a `message_not_understood' return code. This translator technique is used to contact most of the services in the Hurd that are not structured like hierarchical filesystems. For example, the password server, which hands out authorization tags in exchange for passwords, is contacted this way. Network protocol servers are also contacted in this fashion. Roland McGrath thought up this use of translators. Clever Filesystem Pictures ........................... In the Hurd, translators can also be used to present a filesystem-like view of another part of the filesystem, with some semantics changed. For example, it would be nice to have a filesystem that cannot itself be changed, but nonetheless records changed versions of its files elsewhere. (This could be useful for source code management.) The Hurd will have a translator which creates a directory which is a conceptual union of other directories, with collision resolution rules of various sorts. This can be used to present a single directory to users that contains all the programs they would want to execute. There are other useful variations on this theme. What The User Can Do ..................... No translator gains extra privilege by virtue of being hooked into the filesystem. Translators run with the uid of the owner of the file being translated, and can only be set or changed by that owner. The I/O and filesystem protocols are carefully designed to allow their use by mutually untrusting clients and servers. Indeed, translators are just ordinary programs. The GNU C library has a variety of facilities to make common sorts of translators easier to write. Some translators may need special privileges, such as the password server or translators which allow setuid execution. These translators could be run by anyone, but only if they are set on a root-owned node would they be able to provide all their services successfully. This is analogous to letting any user call the `reboot' system call, but only honoring it if that user is root. Why This Is So Different ......................... What this design provides is completely novel to the Unix world. Until now, OSs have kept huge portions of their functionality in the realm of system code, thus preventing its modification and extension except in extreme need. Users cannot replace parts of the system in their programs no matter how much easier that would make their task, and system managers are loath to install random tweaks off the net into their kernels. In the Hurd, users can change almost all of the things that are decided for them in advance by traditional systems. In combination with the tremendous control given by the Mach kernel over task address spaces and properties, the Hurd provides a system in which users will, for the first time, be able to replace parts of the system they dislike, without disrupting other users. Most Mach-based OSs to date have mostly implemented a wider set of the *same old* Unix semantics in a new environment. In contrast, GNU is extending those semantics to allow users to improve, bypass, or replace them. Part 2: A Look at Some of the Hurd's Beasts ------------------------------------------- The Authentication Server .......................... One of the Hurd's more central servers is the authentication server. Each port to this server identifies a user and is associated by this server with an *id block*. Each id block contains sets of user and group ids. Either set may be empty. This server is not the same as the password server referred to above. The authentication server exports three services. First, it provides simple boolean operations on authentication ports: given two authentication ports, this server will provide a third port representing the union of the two sets of uids and gids. Second, this server allows any user with a uid of zero to create an arbitrary authentication port. Finally, this server provides RPCs (Remote Procedure Calls between different programs and possibly different hosts) which allow mutually untrusting clients and servers to establish their identities and pass initial information on each other. This is crucial to the security of the filesystem and I/O protocols. Any user could write a program which implements the authentication protocol; this does not violate the system's security. When a service needs to authenticate a user, it communicates with its trusted authentication server. If that user is using a different authentication server, the transaction will fail and the server can refuse to communicate further. Because, in effect, this forces all programs on the system to use the same authentication server, we have designed its interface to make any safe operation possible, and to include no extraneous operations. (This is why there is a separate password server.) The Process Server ................... The process server acts as an information categorization repository. There are four main services supported by this server. First, the process server keeps track of generic host-level information not handled by the Mach kernel. For example, the hostname, the hostid, and the system version are maintained by the process server. Second, this server maintains the Posix notions of sessions and process groups, to help out programs that wish to use Posix features. Third, the process server maintains a one-to-one mapping between Mach tasks and Hurd processes. Every task is assigned a pid. Processes can register a message port with this server, which can then be given out to any program which requests it. This server makes no attempt to keep these message ports private, so user programs are expected to implement whatever security they need themselves. (The GNU C Library provides convenient functions for all this.) Processes can tell the process server their current `argv' and `envp' values; this server will then provide, on request, these vectors of arguments and environment. This is useful for writing `ps'-like programs and also makes it easier to hide or change this information. None of these features are mandatory. Programs are free to disregard all of this and never register themselves with the process server at all. They will, however, still have a pid assigned. Finally, the process server implements *process collections*, which are used to collect a number of process message ports at the same time. Also, facilities are provided for converting between pids, process server ports, and Mach task ports, while ensuring the security of the ports managed. It is important to stress that the process server is optional. Because of restrictions in Mach, programs must run as root in order to identify all the tasks in the system. But given that, multiple process servers could co-exist, each with their own clients, giving their own model of the universe. Those process server features which do not require root privileges to be implemented could be done as per-user servers. The user's hands are not tied. Transparent FTP ................ Transparent FTP is an intriguing idea whose time has come. The popular `ange-ftp' package available for GNU Emacs makes access to FTP files virtually transparent to all the Emacs file manipulation functions. Transparent FTP does the same thing, but in a system wide fashion. This server is not yet written; the details remain to be fleshed out, and will doubtless change with experience. In a BSD kernel, a transparent FTP filesystem would be no harder to write than in the Hurd. But mention the idea to a BSD kernel hacker, and the response is that "such a thing doesn't belong in the kernel". In a sense, this is correct. It violates all the layering principles of such systems to place such things in the kernel. The unfortunate side effect, however, is that the design methodology (which is based on preventing users from changing things they don't like) is being used to prevent system designers from making things better. (Recent BSD kernels make it possible to write a user program that provides transparent FTP. An example is `alex', but it needs to run with full root privileges.) In the Hurd, there are no obstacles to doing transparent FTP. A translator will be provided for the node `/ftp'. The contents of `/ftp' will probably not be directly listable, though further subdirectories will be. There will be a variety of possible formats. For example, to access files on uunet, one could `cd /ftp/ftp.uu.net:anonymous:mib@gnu'. Or to access files on a remote account, one might `cd /ftp/gnu.ai.mit.edu:mib:passwd'. Parts of this command could be left out and the transparent FTP program would read them from a user's `.netrc' file. In the last case, one might just `cd /ftp/gnu.ai.mit.edu'; when the rest of the data is already in `.netrc'. There is no need to do a `cd' first--use any file command. To find out about RFC 1097 (the Telnet Subliminal Message Option), just type `more /ftp/ftp.uu.net/inet/rfc/rfc1097'. A copy command to a local disk could be used if the RFC would be read frequently. Filesystems ............ Ordinary filesystems are also being implemented. The initial release of the Hurd will contain a filesystem upwardly compatible with the BSD 4.4 Fast File System. In addition to the ordinary semantics, it will provide means to record translators, offer thirty-two bit user ids and group ids, and supply a new id per file, called the *author* of the file, which can be set by the owner arbitrarily. In addition, because users in the Hurd can have multiple uids (or even none), there is an additional set of permission bits providing access control for *unknown user* (no uids) as distinct from *known but arbitrary user* (some uids: the existing *world* category of file permissions). The Network File System protocol will be implemented using 4.4 BSD as a starting point. A log-structured filesystem will also be implemented using the same ideas as in Sprite, but probably not the same format. A GNU network file protocol may be designed in time, or NFS may be extended to remove its deficiencies. There will also be various "little" filesystems, such as the MS-DOS filesystem, to help people move files between GNU and other OSs. Terminals .......... An I/O server will provide the terminal semantics of Posix. The GNU C Library has features for keeping track of the controlling terminal and for arranging to have proper job control signals sent at the proper times, as well as features for obeying keyboard and hangup signals. Programs will be able to insert a terminal driver into communications channels in a variety of ways. Servers like `rlogind' will be able to insert the terminal protocol onto their network communication port. Pseudo-terminals will not be necessary, though they will be provided for backward compatibility with older programs. No programs in GNU will depend on them. Nothing about a terminal driver is forced upon users. A terminal driver allows a user to get at the underlying communications channel easily, to bypass itself on an as-needed basis or altogether, or to substitute a different terminal driver-like program. In the last case, provided the alternate program implements the necessary interfaces, it will be used by the C Library exactly as if it were the ordinary terminal driver. Because of this flexibility, the original terminal driver will not provide complex line editing features, restricting itself to the behavior found in Posix and BSD. In time, there will be a `readline'-based terminal driver, which will provide complex line-editing features for those users who want them. The terminal driver will probably not provide good support for the high-volume, rapid data transmission required by UUCP or SLIP. Those programs do not need any of its features. Instead they will be use the underlying Mach device ports for terminals, which support moving large amounts of data efficiently. Executing Programs ................... The implementation of the `execve' call is spread across three programs. The library marshals the argument and environment vectors. It then sends a message to the file server that holds the file to be executed. The file server checks execute permissions and makes whatever changes it desires in the exec call. For example, if the file is marked setuid and the fileserver has the ability, it will change the user identification of the new image. The file server also decides if programs which had access to the old task should continue to have access to the new task. If the file server is augmenting permissions, or executing an unreadable image, then the exec needs to take place in a new Mach task to maintain security. After deciding the policy associated with the new image, the filesystem calls the exec server to load the task. This server, using the BFD (Binary File Descriptor) library, loads the image. BFD supports a large number of object file formats; almost any supported format will be executable. This server also handles scripts starting with `#!', running them through the indicated program. The standard exec server also looks at the environment of the new image; if it contains a variable `EXECSERVERS' then it uses the programs specified there as exec servers instead of the system default. (This is, of course, not done for execs that the file server has requested be kept secure.) The new image starts running in the GNU C Library, which sends a message to the exec server to get the arguments, environment, umask, current directory, etc. None of this additional state is special to the file or exec servers; if programs wish, they can use it in a different manner than the Library. New Processes .............. The `fork' call is implemented almost entirely in the GNU C Library. The new task is created by Mach kernel calls. The C Library arranges to have its image inherited properly. The new task is registered with the process server (though this is not mandatory). The C Library provides vectors of functions to be called at fork time: one vector to be called before the fork, one after in the parent, and one after in the child. (These features should not be used to replace the normal fork-calling sequence; it is intended for libraries which need to close ports or clean up before a fork occurs.) The C library will implement both fork calls specified by the draft Posix.4a (the proposed standard dealing with the threads extension to the real-time extension). Nothing forces the user to create new tasks this way. If a program wants to use almost the normal fork, but with some special characteristics, then it can do so. Hooks will be provided by the C Library, or the function can even be completely replaced. None of this is possible in a traditional Unix system. Asynchronous Messages ...................... As mentioned above, the process server maintains a "message port" for each task registered with it. These ports are public, and are used to send asynchronous messages to the task. Signals, for example, are sent to the message port. The signal message also provides a port as an indication that the sender should be trusted to send the signal. The GNU C Library lists a variety of ports in a table, each of which identifies a set of signals that can be sent by anyone who possesses that port. For example, if the user possesses the task's kernel port, it is allowed to send any signal. If the user possesses a special "terminal id" port, it is allowed to send the keyboard and hangup signals. Users can add arbitrary new entries into the C library's signal permissions table. When a process's process group changes, the process server will send it a message indicating the new process group. In this case, the process server proves its authority by providing the task's kernel port. The C library also has messages to add and delete uids currently used by the process. If new uids are sent to the program, the library adds them to its current set, and then exchanges messages with all the I/O servers it knows about, proving to them its new authorization. Similarly, a message can delete uids. In the latter case, the caller must provide the process's task port. (You can't harm a process by giving it extra permission, but you can harm it by taking permission away.) The Hurd will provide user programs to send these messages to processes. For example, the `su' command will be able to cause all the programs in your current login session, to gain a new uid, rather than spawn a subshell. The C library will allow programs to add asynchronous messages they wish to recognize, as well as prevent recognition of the standard set. Making It Look Like Unix ......................... The C Library will implement all of the calls from BSD and Posix as well as some obvious extensions to them. This enables users to replace those calls they dislike or bypass them entirely, whereas in Unix the calls must be used "as they come" with no alternatives possible. In some environments binary compatibility will also be supported. This works by building a special version of the library which is then loaded somewhere in the address space of the process. (For example, on a VAX, it would be tucked in above the stack.) A feature of Mach, called system call redirection, is then used to trap Unix system calls and turn them into jumps into this special version of the library. (On almost all machines, the cost of such a redirection is very small; this is a highly optimized path in Mach. On a 386 it's about two dozen instructions. This is little worse than a simple procedure call.) Many features of Unix, such as signal masks and vectors, are handled completely by the library. This makes such features significantly cheaper than in Unix. It is now reasonable to use `sigblock' extensively to protect critical sections, rather than seeking out some other, less expensive method. Network Protocols .................. The Hurd will have a library that will make it very easy to port 4.4 BSD protocol stacks into the Hurd. This will enable operation, virtually for free, of all the protocols supported by BSD. Currently, this includes the CCITT protocols, the TCP/IP protocols, the Xerox NS protocols, and the ISO protocols. For optimal performance some work would be necessary to take advantage of Hurd features that provide for very high speed I/O. For most protocols this will require some thought, but not too much time. The Hurd will run the TCP/IP protocols as efficiently as possible. As an interesting example of the flexibility of the Hurd design, consider the case of IP trailers, used extensively in BSD for performance. While the Hurd will be willing to send and receive trailers, it will gain fairly little advantage in doing so because there is no requirement that data be copied and avoiding copies for page-aligned data is irrelevant. Second Annual GNU Seminar in Japan ********************************** Wingnut and the FSF sponsored the second GNU Technical Seminar in Tokyo on December 1 and 2, 1993. Richard Stallman spoke on the GNU Project and the FSF. Jim Blandy then spoke on GNU Emacs 19. Finally Manabu Higashida spoke on Demacs (see "Free Software for Microcomputers"). Bob Myers and David Littleboy translated the English lectures into Japanese. Software Research Associates, Inc. (SRA), the SRA/Wingnut project and their staff provided help in countless ways for this seminar and the entire trip to Japan. About 70 people attended the seminar, and several Japanese publications interviewed Richard Stallman. The FSF also premiered the new edition of it's Source Code CD-ROM. Seminars were also held at Sendai on Dec 6th, where Richard Stallman spoke; The University of Aizu on Dec 7th, where Richard Stallman and Jim Blandy spoke; and Osaka on Dec 13th where Richard Stallman and Manabu Higashida spoke. We thank all the people and organizations who helped make these seminars a reality, including the organizers, hosts, and interpreters. The Japan Unix Society gave the FSF a booth at Unix Fair '93 in Yokohama. We thank all the volunteers and organizations who helped the FSF run this booth. Our success at the seminars and trade shows exceeded our expectations. We received many unsolicited donations from individual supporters and users' groups, and are thankful for the number of enthusiastic volunteers who helped us. In the future we hope to appear at even more Unix events both in Japan and elsewhere. If you would like to host a seminar, or need a speaker for a conference, please contact either address on the front cover. GNU and other Free Software in Japan ************************************ Mieko (`h-mieko@sra.co.jp') and Nobuyuki Hikichi (`hikichi@sra.co.jp') continue to volunteer for the GNU Project in Japan. They translate each issue of this Bulletin into Japanese and distribute it widely, along with their translation of the GNU General Public License Version 2. This translation of the GPL is authorized by the FSF and is available by anonymous FTP from `srawgw.sra.co.jp' in `/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j'. They are working on a formal translation of the GNU Library General Public License. In addition, they also solicit donations and offer GNU software consulting. Japanese versions of Epoch (`nepoch') and MULE are available and widely used in Japan. MULE (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle many character sets at once. Eventually its features will be merged into the FSF's version of Emacs. The FSF does not distribute `nepoch', but MULE is available (see "Source Code CD-ROM"). You can also FTP it from `sh.wide.ad.jp' in `/JAPAN/mule' or `etlport.etl.go.jp' in `/pub/mule'. The Village Center, Inc. prints a Japanese translation of the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' and uploads the Texinfo source to various bulletin boards. They have also published a copylefted book, Nobuyuki's and Mieko's `Think GNU'. This appears to be the first non-FSF copylefted publication in Japan. Part of the profits are donated to the FSF. Their address is: Village Center, Inc. 2-2-12, Fujimi-Cho, Choufu city Tokyo 182, Japan Addison Wesley Publishers Japan has printed a Japanese translation of the `GNU Make Manual' and `GAWK Manual'. Their address is: Addison Wesley Publishers Japan Nichibou Bldg. 2F 1-2-2 Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan ICOT (Institute for Next Generation Computer Technology) is distributing the fifth-generation software produced by their research efforts as free software. This includes over 70 megabytes of programs for symbol processing, knowledge representation, problem solving and inference, and natural language processing. For more information, contact `irpr@icot.or.jp'. Many groups in Japan now distribute GNU software. They include JUG, a PC user group; ASCII, a periodical and book publisher; the Fujitsu FM Towns users group; and SRA's GNU support special group, called Wingnut, who also purchased the first Deluxe package in Japan. (Since then, there have been several other anonymous purchases of the Deluxe package in Japan.) Anonymous UUCP is also available; for more info, contact `toku@dit.co.jp'. It is also easy to place orders directly with the FSF from Japan, helping us to fund new code. We have an FSF Order Form written in Japanese, ask `japan-fsf-orders@prep.ai.mit.edu' for a copy of the order form. There are also two toll-free facsimile numbers for use in Japan (see the front cover). We encourage you to buy tapes: every 150 tape orders allows FSF to hire a programmer for a year to write more free software. Freely Available Texts ********************** Freely redistributable information isn't just software. Here are a few groups providing various books, historical documents, and more. * FreeLore One goal of John Goodwin's FreeLore project is to create a core of useful, copylefted textbooks. He is currently testing a prototype curriculum, written in Texinfo, for junior-high school through early college. To volunteer, contact him at `jgoodwin@adcalc.fnal.gov'. * The Online Book Initiative The Online Book Initiative focuses on freely redistributable books, conference proceedings, reference material, catalogues, etc. OBI has about 200MB of (mostly compressed) text online, ranging from poetry to standards documents to novels. Anonymous FTP it from `obi.std.com'. You can also dial `world.std.com' with a modem (617-739-9753, 8N1) and create an account to access this information (login as `new'). Accounts on `world' are charged for their connect time (ask `office@world.std.com' for details). * Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is the brainchild of Michael Hart. Professor Hart's hope for success derives from the nature of what he calls `Replicator Technology'. Once anything is stored in a computer, it can be reproduced indefinitely, making it available to all who want it. Texts from Project Gutenberg are available at a number of FTP sites, including `mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu' in file `/etext' and `oes.orst.edu' in file `/pub/almanac/etext'. For instructions on how to obtain text from Bitnet, send the word `HELP' in the body of a message to `BITFTP@PUCC' (`BITFTP%PUCC.BITNET@mitvma.mit.edu' on the Internet). Or look at `bit.listserv.gutnberg', a USENET newsgroup. OCEAN Integrated-Circuit Design System ************************************** Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, has developed OCEAN, a comprehensive chip design package. It includes a full set of powerful tools for synthesis and verification of semi-custom sea-of-gates and gate-array chips. OCEAN covers the back-end of the design trajectory--from circuit level, down to layout and a working chip. OCEAN provides interactive tools for placement, routing, simulation and extraction, either automatically or manually guided. It is available as free software, with full source code, and is known to run on Linux, HP and Sun workstations under the X Window System. For import and export of data, it knows about EDIF, BLIF, SLS, GDSII, CIF, SPICE and LDM. You can obtain OCEAN by anonymous FTP from `donau.et.tudelft.nl'. For more information, contact `patrick@donau.et.tudelft.nl' on the Internet. Hundred Acre Consulting Expands ******************************* Hundred Acre Consulting continues to provide support and development services, with its specialty being the GNU C and C++ compilers. It continues its policy of donating a percentage of its profit to the FSF. Their address is: Hundred Acre Consulting 5301 Longley Lane, Suite D-144 Reno, NV 89511 USA Phone: (702) 829-9700 or +1-800-245-2885 Fax: (702) 829-9926 E-mail: `info@pooh.com' Project GNU Status Report ************************* * GNU Software Configuration Scheme We are using a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software packages in order to compile them. All GNU software supports the same alternatives for naming machine and system types. This makes it possible to configure any and all GNU software in the same manner. The configuration scheme also supports configuring a directory containing several GNU packages with one command. When the operating system is completed, it will be possible to configure the entire system at once, eliminating the need to separately configure each of the individual packages that make up the GNU system. The configuration scheme can also specify both the host and target system, so you can easily configure and build cross-compilation tools. * The Hurd We are developing the GNU Hurd, a set of servers that run on top of Mach (for more information, see "Towards a New Strategy of Operating System Design"). Mach is a free message-passing kernel being developed at CMU. The Hurd servers, working with the GNU C Library, will provide Unix-like functionality. They are the last major components necessary for a complete GNU system. Currently there are free ports of the Mach kernel to the 386 PC, the DEC PMAX workstation, and several other machines, with more in progress. Contact CMU c/o `mach@cs.cmu.edu' if you want to help with one of those or start your own. Porting the GNU Hurd and GNU C Library is easy (easier than porting GNU Emacs, certainly easier than porting GCC) once a Mach port to a particular kind of hardware exists. Significant progress has been made recently: the filesystem is coming up and several other servers are running. There are significant projects relating to the Hurd for which we need volunteers. Experienced system programmers who are interested should send mail to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. * GNU Emacs (also see "GNU Software Available Now") Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. The current version is GNU Emacs 19.22. A number of volunteers have been especially helpful on Emacs 19. Thanks to Alan Carroll and the people who worked on Epoch for generating initial feedback to a multi-windowed Emacs, to Lucid, Inc. for implementing X Selections, faces, the optimizing byte compiler, and the default menu bar, to Eric Raymond who has evaluated 460 out of 851 possible new Lisp libraries, and to Stephen Gildea for making the Emacs 19 reference card. Features planned for later releases of Emacs include: different visibility conditions for regions, and for various windows showing one buffer; incrementally saving the undo history in a file, so that `recover-file' also reinstalls the buffer's undo history; support for variable-width fonts; support for wide character sets including all the world's major languages; and support for display using an X toolkit. * GNU Fortran (`g77') GNU Fortran is in "private" alpha test (testing by a small group of experts) and is not yet publicly released. Until `g77' is fully released to the public, we ask people to use `f2c' (a Fortran-to-C translator) with `gcc' (the GNU C compiler). As `g77' uses a lot of these tools (the `f2c' libraries and the `gcc' back end), using them and reporting any problems you find will help speed the release of `g77'. For more information on `f2c' and `gcc', see "GNU Software Available Now." The primary focus of the alpha test is to test the `g77' front end, since that has most of the new code. The secondary focus of the alpha test is to test the integration between the front end and the back end. Currently, this is where most of the bugs seem to be. The tertiary focus is the quality of code generated by the GNU back end for Fortran. We hope to have a `g77' beta release in early spring 1994, as part of the regular compiler distribution. A mailing list exists for announcements about `g77'. To subscribe, ask `info-gnu-fortran-request@prep.ai.mit.edu'. To contact the author and maintainer of `g77', write to `fortran@prep.ai.mit.edu'. * C Compiler (also see "GNU Software Available Now") Version 2 of the GNU C Compiler has been released. We are no longer distributing or maintaining version 1 of GCC, G++, or libg++. GCC2 supports both ANSI and traditional C, as well as some GNU C extensions. There are front ends for C++ and Objective C too. New front ends are being developed, but they are not yet part of GCC. A front end for Fortran is now in alpha test and is approaching completion, and a front end for Ada (GNAT: The GNU Ada Translator) is available via anonymous FTP from `cs.nyu.edu' in `ftp/pub/gnat', though it is not yet stable. Volunteers are also developing a Pascal front end. For more information about GCC, see "GNU Software Available Now." * C Interpreter The FSF is working to add interpreter facilities to the GNU compiler and debugger. This task is partly finished. The compiler now generates byte code (for all supported languages, not just C) and another package interprets it. To make this work usable, we need to add features to GDB to dynamically load the byte code. We also would like C compiler support for compiling just a specified few functions in a file. Due to limited resources, the FSF cannot fund this. Interested volunteers should contact `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. * Binutils (also see "GNU Software Available Now") Steve Chamberlain, Per Bothner, and others at Cygnus Support have rewritten the binary utilities (including the linker). Version 2 is based on the same Binary File Descriptor (BFD) library used by GDB. All the tools can be run on a host that differs from the target (e.g. cross-linking is supported). Various forms of COFF and other object file formats are supported. A tool can now deal with object files in multiple formats simultaneously. E.g., the linker can read object files using many different formats, and write the output in a third format. The linker interprets a superset of the AT&T Linker Command Language, which allows general control over where segments are placed in memory. * GNU C Library (also see "GNU Software Available Now") Roland McGrath continues work on the GNU C Library. It now supports all requirements of the ANSI C-1989 and POSIX 1003.1-1990 standards, most facilities of POSIX 1003.2, and many additional BSD and System V functions. The C Library will perform many functions of the UNIX system calls in the Hurd. Mike Haertel has written a fast `malloc' which wastes less memory than the old GNU version. The GNU regular-expression functions (`regex') now nearly conform to the POSIX 1003.2 standard. GNU `stdio' lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a few C functions. The `fmemopen' function uses this to open a stream on a string, which can grow as necessary. You can define your own `printf' formats to use a C function you have written. For example, you can safely use format strings from user input to implement a `printf'-like function for another programming language. Extended `getopt' functions are already used to parse options, including long options, in many GNU utilities. Version 1.06 of the GNU C Library is just out and 1.07 is in the works. Version 1.06 includes the relocating allocator used in Emacs 19, as well as new ports to Dynix on Sequent Symmetry, SCO & SVR4 on i386, & Solaris 2 on SPARC. Texinfo source of the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' is included. For more info, see "GNU Software Available Now." * indent (also see "GNU Software Available Now") We now have a version of `indent' which supports the GNU indentation conventions for C code. It is more robust and also has handy options for the most common style combinations. A companion program to examine a C source file and find the indentation parameters used therein is almost ready for release, but needs someone to finish it. Please contact `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' to volunteer. * `make' (also see "GNU Software Available Now") GNU `make' version 3.70 is released. Error reporting is improved and many bugs have been fixed. GNU `make' fully complies with the POSIX.2 standard. It also supports long options, parallel command execution, flexible implicit pattern rules, conditional execution and powerful text manipulation functions. Version 3.64 added support for the popular `+=' syntax for appending more text to a variable's definition. For those with no vendor-supplied `make' utility at all, GNU `make' comes with a shell script called `build.sh' for the initial build. See "GNU Software Available Now." * Oleo (also see "GNU Software Available Now") Oleo is a spreadsheet program that can be run either as an X client or using curses. The current version is 1.5. Support has recently been added both for `gnuplot' and for generating embedded Postscript. If you would like to write the Texinfo manual for Oleo, contact Tom Lord, `lord+@andrew.cmu.edu'. Please send bug reports regarding Oleo to `bug-oleo@prep.ai.mit.edu'. See "GNU Software Available Now." * Ghostscript (also see "GNU Software Available Now") The current version of Ghostscript is 2.6.1. New features include the ability to use the fonts provided by the platform on which Ghostscript runs (X Window System and Microsoft Windows), resulting in much better-looking screen displays; improved text file printing (like `enscript'); a utility to extract the text from a Postscript document; a much more reliable (and faster) Microsoft Windows implementation; support for Microsoft C/C++ 7.0; drivers for many new printers, including the SPARCprinter, and for TIFF/F (fax) file format; many more Postscript Level 2 facilities, including most of the color space facilities (but not patterns), and the ability to switch between Level 1 and Level 2 dynamically. Ghostscript accepts commands in Postscript and executes them by writing directly to a printer, drawing on an X window, or writing to a file that you can print later (or to a bitmap file that you can manipulate with other graphics programs). Tim Theisen, `ghostview@cs.wisc.edu', has created Ghostview, a previewer for multi-page files that runs on top of Ghostscript. Russell Lang, `rjl@monu1.cc.monash.edu.au', has created Ghostview for Windows, a similar previewer that runs on Microsoft Windows. Ghostscript includes a C-callable graphics library (for client programs that do not want to deal with the Postscript language). It also supports IBM PCs and compatibles with EGA, VGA, or SuperVGA graphics (but please do *not* ask the FSF staff any questions about this; we do not use PCs). The next planned Ghostscript release is 3.0, hopefully available in early 1994. It will implement the full Postscript Level 2 language except for LZW compression, which can't be freely implemented because of software patents. Prohibitions like this on programming is what the League for Programming Freedom is fighting. See "What is the LPF?" for details. * Smalltalk (also see "GNU Software Available Now") GNU Smalltalk implements the traditional features of the Smalltalk language, but not yet the graphics and window features. Recently someone implemented these and they will appear in a future release. * `groff' (also see "GNU Software Available Now") James Clark has completed `groff' (GNU `troff' and related programs). Written in C++, they can be compiled with GNU C++ Version 2.3 or later. Bugs in `groff' will be fixed, but no major new developments are currently planned. However, `groff' users are encouraged to continue to contribute enhancements. Most needed are complete Texinfo documentation, a `grap' emulation (a `pic' preprocessor for typesetting graphs), a page-makeup postprocessor similar to `pm' (see `Computing Systems', Vol. 2, No. 2) and an ASCII output class for `pic' so that `pic' can be integrated with Texinfo. Thanks to all those who have contributed bug reports. * Texinfo 3 (also see "GNU Software Available Now") The Texinfo 3 package includes an enhanced Texinfo mode for GNU Emacs, new versions of the formatting utilities, and the second edition of the `Texinfo Manual'. This edition is more thorough and describes over 50 new commands. Texinfo mode now includes commands for automatically creating and updating nodes and menus, a tedious task when done by hand. `makeinfo', a standalone formatter, and `info', a standalone Info reader are included. Both are written in C and are independent of GNU Emacs. * Porting Although we do not yet have a complete GNU system, it is already possible for you to begin porting it. This is because the unfinished part, the Hurd, is basically portable. The parts of the system that really need porting are Mach and the GNU C Library, which are already available to port, use and report bugs. GNU Documentation ***************** GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use on-line and printed documentation. GNU manuals are intended to explain the underlying concepts, describe how to use all the features of each program, and give examples of command use. GNU manuals are distributed as Texinfo source files, which yield both typeset hardcopy and on-line hypertext-like display via the menu-driven Info system. These manuals, source for which is provided with our software, are also available in hardcopy; see the "Free Software Foundation Order Form." Several GNU manuals are bound as soft cover books with "lay-flat" bindings. This allows you to open them so they lie flat on a table without creasing the binding. Each book has an inner cloth spine and an outer cardboard cover that will not break or crease as an ordinary paperback will. The other GNU manuals are also bound so they lie flat when opened, using other technologies. See the "Free Software Foundation Order Form" for a list of each. Edition numbers of the manual and version number of the program listed after each manual's names were current at the time this Bulletin was published. The `Emacs Manual' (9th Edition for Version 19) describes editing with GNU Emacs. It also explains advanced features, such as outline mode and regular expression search, how to use special modes for programming in languages like C++ and TeX, how to use the `tags' utility, how to compile and correct code, and how to make your own keybindings and other elementary customizations. The `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' (Edition 2.1 for Version 19) covers this programming language in depth, including data types, control structures, functions, macros, syntax tables, searching and matching, modes, windows, keymaps, markers, byte compilation, and the operating system interface. The `Texinfo Manual' (Edition 2.19 for Version 3) explains the markup language used to generate both the online Info documentation and typeset hardcopies. It tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes, indexes, cross references, how to use Texinfo mode in GNU Emacs, and how to catch mistakes. The `GAWK Manual' (Edition 0.16 for Version 2.16) tells how to use the GNU implementation of `awk'. It is written for someone who has never used `awk' and describes all the features of this powerful string and record manipulation language. The `Make Manual' (Edition 0.43 for Version 3.68) describes GNU `make', a program used to rebuild parts of other programs. The manual tells how to write "makefiles", which specify how a program is to be compiled and how its files depend on each other. Included are an introductory chapter for novice users and a section about automatically generated dependencies. `Debugging with GDB' (Edition 4.09 for Version 4.9) tells how to use the GNU Debugger, run your program under debugger control, examine and alter data, modify the flow of control within a program, and use GDB through GNU Emacs. The `Bison Manual' (December 1993 Edition for Version 1.23) teaches you how to write context-free grammars for the Bison program that convert into C-coded parsers. You need no prior knowledge of parser generators. The `Flex Manual' (Edition 1.03 for Version 2.3.7) tells you how to write a lexical scanner definition for the `flex' program to create a C ++ or C-coded scanner that will recognize the patterns described. You need no prior knowledge of scanner generators. `Using and Porting GNU CC' (June 1993 Edition for Version 2.4) explains how to run, install and port the GNU C compiler. The `Termcap Manual' (2nd Edition for Version 1.2), often described as "twice as much as you ever wanted to know about termcap," details the format of the termcap database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process of interrogating a terminal description. This manual is primarily for programmers. The `Emacs Calc Manual' (Edition 2.02 for Version 2.02) includes both a tutorial and a reference manual for Calc. It describes how to do ordinary arithmetic, how to use Calc for algebra, calculus and other forms of mathematics, and how to extend Calc. The `C Library Reference Manual' (June 93 Edition for Version 1.07) describes most of the facilities of the GNU C library, including both what Unix calls "library functions" and "system calls." We are doing limited copier runs of this manual until it becomes more stable. It is new, and needs corrections and improvements. Please send them to `bug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu'. GNU Software Available Now ************************** We offer: * Source Code CD-ROM (see "Source Code CD-ROM") * Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM (see "Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM") * MS-DOS Diskettes with some GNU software (see "MS-DOS Distribution") * VMS tapes (which include sources and executables) for GNU Emacs and the GNU C compiler (see "VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes") We also offer Unix software source distributions tapes in `tar' format on the following media: * 4mm DAT cartridges * 8mm Exabyte cartridges * Sun QIC-24 cartridges (readable on some other systems) * Hewlett-Packard 16-track cartridges * IBM RS/6000 QIC-150 cartridges (readable on some other systems) (the RS/6000 Emacs tape has an Emacs binary as well) * 1600bpi 9-track reel tape The contents of the reel and various cartridge tapes for Unix systems are the same (except for the RS/6000 Emacs tape, which also has executables for Emacs); only the media are different (see the "Free Software Foundation Order Form"). Source code for the manuals is included in Texinfo format. We welcome all bug reports sent to the appropriate electronic mailing list (see "Free Software Support"). Some of the files on the tapes may be compressed with `gzip' to make them fit. Refer to the top-level `README' file at the beginning of each tape for instructions on uncompressing them. `uncompress' and `unpack' *do not work*! Version numbers listed after program names, in the articles describing the contents of each media, were current at the time this Bulletin was published. When you order a distribution tape or diskette, some of the programs might be newer, and therefore the version number higher. Key to cross reference: BinCD Binaries CD-ROM DemcsD Demacs Diskettes DjgppD Djgpp Diskettes EmcsT Emacs Tape LangT Language Tape SchmT Scheme Tape SrcCD Source CD-ROM UtilD Selected Utilities Diskettes UtilT Utilities Tape VMSCompT VMS Compiler Tape VMSEmcsT VMS Emacs Tape WdwsD Windows Diskette X11OptT X11 Optional Tape X11ReqT X11 Required Tape GNU software currently available (see "Project GNU Status Report" for what's new features and programs are coming): * `acm' (SrcCD, UtilT) `acm' is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer aerial combat simulation that runs under the X Window System. Players engage in air to air combat against one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons. Eventually we hope to turn this into a more general purpose flight simulator. * Autoconf (SrcCD, UtilT) Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code packages. These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like systems without manual user intervention. Autoconf creates a script for a package from a template file which lists the operating system features which the package can use, in the form of `m4' macro calls. Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated configure scripts. * BASH (SrcCD, UtilT) The GNU shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the Unix `sh' and offers many extensions found in `csh' and `ksh'. BASH has job control, `csh'-style command history, and command-line editing (with Emacs and `vi' modes built-in and the ability to rebind keys) via the readline library. * `bc' (SrcCD, UtilT) `bc' is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision. GNU `bc' follows the POSIX 1003.2 draft standard, with several extensions including multi-character variable names, an `else' statement and full Boolean expressions. * BFD (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which operates on object files (e.g. `ld' or GDB) to support many different formats in a clean way. BFD provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to know the actual details of a particular format. One consequence of this design is that all programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF, ELF & OSF-Rose. BFD comes with Texinfo documentation. Presently BFD is not distributed separately but is included with packages that use it, because it is not yet completely stable. * Binutils (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) The Binutils includes the programs: `ar', `c++filt', `demangle', `gprof', `ld', `nlmconv', `nm', `objcopy', `objdump', `ranlib', `size', `strings', & `strip'. Binutils Version 2 is completely rewritten to use the BFD library. The GNU linker `ld' emits source-line numbered error messages for multiply-defined symbols and undefined references. `nlmconv' converts object files into Novell NetWare Loadable Modules. The `objdump' program can disassemble code for a29k, ALPHA, H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960, m68k, m88k, MIPS, SH, SPARC, & Z8000 processors, and can display other data such as symbols and relocations from any file format understood by BFD. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * Bison (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD, VMSCompT) Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator `yacc'. Sources for the `Bison Manual' and reference card are included. * GNU C Library (LangT, SrcCD) The library supports ANSI C-1989 and POSIX 1003.1-1990 and has most of the functions specified in POSIX 1003.2 draft 11.2. It is upward compatible with 4.4 BSD and includes many System V functions, plus GNU extensions. Version 1.07 uses a standard GNU `configure' script. It runs on Sun-3 (SunOS 4.1), Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1 & Solaris 2), HP 9000/300 (4.3 BSD), SONY News 800 (NewsOS 3 or 4), MIPS DECstation (Ultrix 4), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), i386/i486 (System V, SVR4, BSD, SCO 3.2 & SCO ODT 2.0) & Sequent Symmetry i386 (Dynix 3). Texinfo source for the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' is included. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * Calc (EmcsT, SrcCD) Calc (written by Dave Gillespie in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced desk calculator and mathematical tool that runs as part of GNU Emacs. It comes with source for the `Calc Manual' and reference card, which serves as a tutorial and reference. If you wish, you can use Calc just as a simple four-function calculator, but it provides additional features including choice of algebraic or RPN (stack-based) entry, logarithmic functions, trigonometric and financial functions, arbitrary precision, complex numbers, vectors, matrices, dates, times, infinities, sets, algebraic simplification, differentiation, and integration. Calc also outputs to `gnuplot'. * GNU Chess (UtilT, SrcCD) GNU Chess is a program that plays chess with you. It is written entirely in the C language and has been ported to the PC, the Cray-2 & numerous other machines. It has also been ported to other operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS, though these versions are not supported by the maintainer. There are both text and X display interfaces. GNU Chess implements many specialized features including the null move heuristic, a hash table with aging, the history heuristic (another form of the earlier killer heuristic), caching of static evaluations, and a sophisticated database which lets it play the first several moves in the game quickly. GNU Chess won the Uniform Platform event held in August 1992 in London, England. Nine programs competed, running on identical hardware. GNU Chess is primarily supported by Stuart Cracraft on behalf of the FSF. Stuart Cracraft P.O. Box 2841 Laguna Hills, CA 92653 USA Phone: (714) 770-8532 E-mail: `cracraft@ai.mit.edu' * CLISP (EmcsT, SrcCD) CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll. It mostly supports the Common Lisp described by `Common LISP: The Language (1st edition)'. CLISP includes an interpreter, a byte-compiler and, for some machines, a screen editor. CLISP needs only 1.5 MB of memory and runs on many microcomputers (including the Atari ST, Amiga 500-2000, most MS-DOS systems & OS/2) & on some Unix workstations (Linux, SunOS (SPARC), Sun-386i, HP-UX (HP 9000/800) & others). * `cpio' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) `cpio' is an alternative archive program with all the features of SVR4 `cpio', including support for the final POSIX 1003.1 `ustar' standard. `mt' a program to position magnetic tapes is included with `cpio'. * CVS (UtilT, SrcCD) CVS, the Concurrent Version System, manages software revision and release control in a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group environment. It works best in conjunction with RCS versions 4 and above, but will parse older RCS formats with the loss of CVS's fancier features. See Berliner, Brian, "CVS-II: Parallelizing Software Development," `Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Association Conference'. * `dc' (UtilT, SrcCD) `dc' is an RPN calculator. GNU `bc' does not require a separate `dc' program to run. This version of `dc' will eventually be merged with GNU `bc'. * DejaGnu (LangT, SrcCD) DejaGnu is a framework for testing other programs that provides a single front end for all tests. The flexibility and consistency of the DejaGnu framework make it easy to write tests for any program. DejaGnu comes with `expect' and Tcl. * Diffutils (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) GNU `diff' compares files showing line-by-line changes in several flexible formats. It is much faster than traditional Unix versions. The Diffutils distribution contains `diff', `diff3', `sdiff', and `cmp'. * DJGPP (BinCD, DjgppD) DJ Delorie has ported GCC/G++ 2.5.7 to the i386 MS-DOS platform. The DJGPP package also contains a 32-bit 80386 DOS extender with symbolic debugger; development libraries; and ports of Bison, `flex', GAS, and the GNU binary utilities. Full source code is provided. DJGPP supports SVGA (up to 1024x768), XMS & VDISK memory allocation, `himem.sys', VCPI (e.g. QEMM, DESQview, & 386MAX), and DPMI (e.g. Windows 3.x, OS/2, QEMM, & QDPMI). It is available via FTP from `ftp.clarkson.edu' in `/pub/msdos/djgpp'. You can subscribe to a mailing list on DJGPP by sending your e-mail address to `djgpp-request@sun.soe.clarkson.edu'. In addition, the FSF distributes it on floppy disks and on the Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM. See the description for GCC in this section for more information. * `dld' (LangT, SrcCD) `dld' is a dynamic linker written by W. Wilson Ho. Linking your program with the `dld' library allows you to dynamically load object files into the running binary. Currently supported are VAX (Ultrix), Sun 3 (SunOS 3.4 and 4.0), SPARC (SunOS 4.0), Sequent Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. * `doschk' (UtilT, SrcCD) This program is intended as a utility to help software developers ensure that their source file names are distinguishable on System V platforms with 14-character filenames and on MS-DOS with 11 character filenames. * `ecc' (UtilT, SrcCD) `ecc' is a Reed-Solomon error correction checking program, which can correct three byte errors in a block of 255 bytes and detect more severe errors. * Elib (EmcsT, SrcCD) This is a small library of Emacs Lisp functions, including routines for using AVL trees and doubly-linked lists. * `elvis' (UtilT, SrcCD) `elvis' is a clone of the `vi'/`ex' Unix editor. It supports nearly all of the `vi'/`ex' commands in both visual and line mode. `elvis' runs under BSD, System V, Xenix, Minix, MS-DOS & Atari TOS, and should be easy to port to many other systems. * GNU Emacs 18 (DemcsD, EmcsT, SrcCD, VMSEmcsT) In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible, customizable real-time display editor. GNU Emacs is his second implementation. It offers true Lisp--smoothly integrated into the editor--for writing extensions, and provides an interface to MIT's X Window System. In addition to its powerful native command set, extensions which emulate other popular editors are distributed: vi, EDT (DEC's VMS editor) and Gosling (aka Unipress) Emacs. It has many other features which make it a full computing support environment. It is described by the `GNU Emacs Manual', the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' and a reference card. Source for all three come with the software. GNU Emacs 18.59 runs on many Unix systems (in hardware order): Alliant FX/80 & FX/2800, Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), Apollo, AT&T (3Bs & 7300 PC), DG Aviion, Bull DPX/2 (2nn & 3nn) CCI 5/32 & 6/32, Celerity, Convex, Digital (DECstation 3100 & 5000 (PMAXes), Mips, VAX (BSD, SysV & VMS)), Motorola Delta 147 & 187 Dual, Elxsi 6400, Encore (DPC, APC & XPC), Gould, HP (9000 series 200, 300, 700 & 800, but not 500), HLH Orion (original & 1/05), IBM (RS/6000 (AIX), RT/PC (4.2 & AIX) & PS/2 (AIX (386 only))), ISI (Optimum V, 80386), Intel 860 & 80386 (BSD, Esix, SVR3, SVR4, SCO, ISC, IX, AIX & others (see "MS-DOS Distribution" & "Free Software for Microcomputers")), Iris (2500, 2500 Turbo & 4D), Masscomp, MIPS, National Semiconductor 32000, NeXT (Mach), NCR Tower 32 (SVR2 & SVR3), Nixdorf Targon 31, Nu (TI & LMI), pfa50, Plexus, Prime EXL, Pyramid (original & MIPS), Sequent (Balance & Symmetry), SONY News (m68k & MIPS), Stride (system release 2), all Suns including 386i (all SunOS & some Solaris vers.), Tadpole, Tahoe, Tandem Integrity S2, Tektronix (16000 & 4300), Triton 88, Ustation E30 (SS5E), Whitechapel (MG1) & Wicat. In operating system order: AIX (RS/6000, RT/PC, 386-PS/2), BSD (vers. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3), DomainOS, Esix (386), HP-UX (HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800 but not 500), ISC (386), IX (386), Mach, Microport, NewsOS (Sony m68k & MIPS) SCO (386), SVR0 (Vax, AT&T 3Bs), SVR2, SVR3, SVR4, Solaris 2.0, SunOS, UTS (Amdahl), Ultrix (vers. 3.0, 4,1), Uniplus 5.2 (Dual machines), VMS (vers. 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 5.5) & Xenix (386). * GNU Emacs 19 (EmcsT, SrcCD) Unlike some other recent derivations of Emacs, GNU Emacs 19 continues to work on character-only terminals as well as under the X Window System. New features in Emacs 19 include: multiple X windows ("frames" to Emacs), with a separate X window for the minibuffer or with a minibuffer attached to each X window; property lists associated with regions of text in a buffer; multiple fonts and colors defined by those properties; simplified and improved processing of function keys, mouse clicks and mouse movement; X selection processing, including clipboard selections; hooks to be run if point or mouse moves outside a certain range; menu bars and popup menus defined by keymaps; scrollbars; before and after change hooks; source-level debugging of Emacs Lisp programs; European character sets support; floating point numbers; improved buffer allocation, using a new mechanism capable of returning storage to the system when a buffer is killed; interfacing with the X resource manager; GNU configuration scheme support; good RCS support; & many updated libraries. GNU Emacs 19.22 is known to work on (in hardware order): Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn (SVR3) & sps7 (SVR2); Clipper; Cubix QBx (SysV); DEC MIPS (Ultrix 4.2 & OSF/1, not VMS); Motorola Delta 147 & 187 (SVR3, SVR4, & m88kbcs); Elxsi 6400 (SysV); Gould Power Node & NP1 (BSD 4.2 & 4.3); Honeywell XPS100 (SysV); HP9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800 (BSD 4.3 or HP-UX 7, 8, 9); i386 & i486 (386BSD, AIX, BSDI/386, FreeBSD, Esix, ISC, Linux, NetBSD, SCO3.2v4 with ODT, SysV, Xenix); RS6000 (AIX 3.2); RT/PC (AIX or BSD); Iris 4D (Irix 4.x & 5.x); National Semiconductor 32K (Genix); NeXT (BSD or Mach 2 w/ NeXTStep 3.0); Prime EXL (SysV); Pyramid (BSD); Sequent Symmetry (BSD); Sun 3 & 4, SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10 & Classic (SunOS 4.0, 4.1, Solaris 2); Tadpole 68k (SysV); Tektronix XD88 (SVR3) & 4300 (BSD); & Titan P2 & P3 (SysV). In operating system order: AIX (i386, RS6000, RT/PC); BSD 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 (i386, Gould Power Node & NP1, HP9000 series 300, NeXT, Pyramid, Symmetry, Tektronix 4300, RT/PC); Esix (i386); Genix (ns32k); HP-UX 7, 8, 9 (HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800, but not 500); Irix 4 & 5 (Iris 4D); ISC (i386); Linux (i386); NetBSD (i386, HP9000 series 300); Mach 2 & 3 (i386, NeXT); SCO 3.2v4 (i386); SVR2 (Bull sps7); SVR3 (Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn, Motorola Delta 147 & 187, Tektronix XD88); SVR4 (Motorola Delta 147 & 187); Solaris 2 (SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10, Classic); SunOS 4.0, 4.1 (Sun 3 & 4, SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10 & Classic); Ultrix 4.2 (DEC MIPS); & Xenix (i386). Other configurations supported by Emacs 18 should work with few changes; as users tell us more about their experiences with different systems, we will augment the list. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * `es' (UtilT, SrcCD) This is an extensible shell based on `rc' that has first class functions, lexical scope, an exception system, and rich return values (i.e. functions can return values other than just numbers). Like `rc', it is great for both interactive use and for scripting, particularly because its quoting rules are much less baroque than the C or Bourne shells. * `expect' (LangT, SrcCD) `expect' runs scripts to conduct dialogs with programs. It is distributed along with Tcl and DejaGnu. * `f2c' (LangT, SrcCD) `f2c' converts Fortran-77 source files into C or C++, which can then be compiled with GCC. * Fax (UtilT, SrcCD) Fax is the freely-available MIT AI Lab fax spooling system, which provides Group 3 fax transmission and reception services for a networked Unix system. It requires a faxmodem which conforms to the new EIA-592 Asynchronous Facsimile DCE Control Standard, Service Class 2. * Fileutils (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) Fileutils work on files: `chgrp', `chmod', `chown', `cp', `dd', `df', `dir', `du', `install', `ln', `ls', `mkdir', `mkfifo', `mknod', `mv', `mvdir', `rm', `rmdir', `touch', & `vdir'. Only some of these are on the Selected Utilities diskettes. * `find' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) `find' is frequently used both interactively and in shell scripts to find files which match certain criteria and perform arbitrary operations on them. `xargs' and `locate' are also included. * `finger' (UtilT, SrcCD) GNU Finger, which serves as a direct replacement for existing finger programs, solves this problem. For sites with many hosts, a single host may be designated as the finger "server" host. This host collects information about who is logged in to other hosts at that site. If a user at site A wants to know about users logged on at site B, a single query to any machine at the site will return complete information. * `flex' (LangT, UtilD, SrcCD) `flex' is a mostly-compatible replacement for the `lex' scanner generator, written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. `flex' generates far more efficient scanners than `lex' does. Sources for the `Flex Manual' and reference card are included. * Fontutils (UtilT, SrcCD) The Fontutils can create fonts for use with Ghostscript or TeX, starting with a scanned type image and converting the bitmaps to outlines. They also contain general conversion programs and other utilities. * GAS (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) The GNU assembler has been rewritten to use the BFD library. Native assembly works for: Sun 3, 4, & SPARC (SunOS 4.1 or Solaris 2); i386 (AIX, 386BSD, BSDI/386, Linux); m68k (BSD, HP-UX, Convergent Technologies SysV); MIPS (Ultrix, Irix); Hitachi H8/500; & VAX (BSD, Ultrix, VMS). Cross assembling can be done for: i386 (SCO, go32 MS-DOS/DJGPP); ebmon29k; Hitachi H8/300; i960 (COFF); MIPS ECOFF (Ultrix, Iris, MIPS Magnum); Nindy 960; vxworks (68k or 960); & Zilog Z8000. * GAWK (LangT, SrcCD) GAWK is upwardly compatible with the System V Release 4 version of `awk'. Texinfo source for the `GAWK Manual' comes with the software. * GCC (BinCD, DjgppD, LangT, SrcCD) Version 2 of the GNU C compiler supports three languages: C, C++ and Objective C; the source file name suffix or a compiler option selects the language. The front end support for Objective C was donated by NeXT. The runtime support needed to run Objective C programs is now distributed with GCC (this does not include any Objective C classes aside from `object'). As much as possible, G++ is kept compatible with the evolving draft ANSI standard, but not with `cfront' (AT&T's compiler), which has been diverging from ANSI. The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable optimizing compiler which performs automatic register allocation, common sub-expression elimination, invariant code motion from loops, induction variable optimizations, constant propagation and copy propagation, delayed popping of function call arguments, tail recursion elimination, integration of inline functions and frame pointer elimination, instruction scheduling, loop unrolling, filling of delay slots, leaf function optimization, optimized multiplication by constants, a certain amount of common subexpression elimination (CSE) between basic blocks (though not all of the supported machine descriptions provide for scheduling or delay slots), a feature for assigning attributes to instructions, and many local optimizations that are automatically deduced from the machine description. Function-wide CSE has been written, but needs to be cleaned up before it can be installed. Position-independent code is supported on the 68k, i386, Hitachi Slt, Hitachi H8/300, Clipper, 88k, SPARC & SPARClite. GCC can open-code most arithmetic on 64-bit values (type `long long int'). It supports extended floating point (type `long double') on the 68k; other machines will follow. GCC supports full ANSI C, traditional C and GNU C extensions. GNU C has been extended to support nested functions, nonlocal gotos, and taking the address of a label. GCC can generate a.out, COFF, ELF & OSF-Rose files when used with a suitable assembler. It can produce debugging information in these formats: BSD stabs, COFF, ECOFF, ECOFF with stabs, & DWARF. GCC generates code for: a29k, Alpha, ARM, Convex cN, Clipper, Elxsi, H8300, HP-PA (1.0 and 1.1) i370, i386, i486, i860, i960, m68k, m68020, m88k, MIPS, ns32k, Pyramid, ROMP, RS6000, SH, SPARC, SPARClite, VAX, and we32k. Operating systems supported include: AIX, ACIS, AOS, BSD, Clix, Ctix, DG/UX, Dynix, Genix, HP-UX, ISC, Irix, Linux, Luna, LynxOS, Mach, Minix, NeWSOS, OSF, OSF-Rose, RISCOS, SCO, Solaris 2, SunOS 4, SysV, Ultrix, Unos, & VMS. The old (version 1) machine descriptions for the Alliant, Tahoe and Spur (as well as a new port for the Tron) do not work, but are still included in the distribution in case someone wants to work on them. Using the configuration scheme for GCC, building a cross-compiler is as easy as building a compiler for the same target machine. Version 2 supports more general calling conventions: it can pass arguments "by reference" and can preallocate the space for stack arguments. GCC 2 on the SPARC uses the SPARC conventions for structure arguments and return values. Source for the GCC manual, `Using and Porting GNU CC', is included with the compiler. The manual describes how to run and install the GNU C compiler, and how to port it to new systems. It describes new features and incompatibilities of the compiler, but people not familiar with C will also need a good reference on the C programming language. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * GDB (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) In GDB, object files and symbol tables are now read via the BFD library, which allows a single copy of GDB to debug programs of multiple object file formats such as a.out and COFF. Other new features include command language improvements, remote debugging over serial lines or TCP/IP, and watchpoints (breakpoints triggered when the value of an expression changes). Exception handling, SunOS shared libraries and C++ multiple inheritance are only supported when used with GCC version 2. Both X and GNU Emacs user interfaces to GDB are available, in addition to its command line interpreter. GDB uses a standard remote interface to a simulator library which (so far) contains simulators for the Zilog Z8001/2, the Hitachi H8/300, H8/500 & Super-H. GDB can perform cross-debugging. To say that GDB *targets* a platform means that it can perform native or cross-debugging for it. To say that GDB can *host* a given platform means that it can be built on it, but cannot necessarily debug native programs. GDB can: * *target* & *host*: DEC Alpha (OSF/1), Amiga 3000 (Amix), DECstation 3100 & 5000 (Ultrix), HP 9000/300 (BSD), IBM RS/6000 (AIX), i386 (BSD, SCO, Linux, LynxOS), Motorola Delta m88k (System V), NCR 3000 (SVR4), SGI Iris (MIPS running Irix V3 & V4), SONY News (NewsOS 3.x), Sun-3 & SPARC (SunOS 4.1, Solaris 2.0) & Ultracomputer (29K running Sym1). * *target*, but not *host*: i960 Nindy, AMD 29000 (COFF & a.out), Fujitsu SPARClite, Hitachi H8/300, m68k & m68332. * *host*, but not *target*: Intel 386 (Mach), IBM RT/PC (AIX) & HP/Apollo 68k (BSD). In addition, GDB can use the symbol tables emitted by the compilers supplied by most vendors of MIPS-based machines, including DEC. (These symbol tables are in a format which almost nobody else uses.) Source for the manual `Debugging with GDB' and a reference card are included. * `gdbm' (LangT, UtilD, SrcCD) The `gdbm' library is the GNU replacement for the traditional `dbm' and `ndbm' libraries. It implements a database using quick lookup by hashing. `gdbm' does not need sparse file formats (unlike its Unix counterparts). * Ghostscript (UtilT, SrcCD) Ghostscript is GNU's graphics language which is almost fully compatible with Postscript (see "Project GNU Status Report"). * Ghostview (UtilT, SrcCD) Ghostview provides an X11 user interface for the Ghostscript interpreter. Ghostview and Ghostscript function as two cooperating programs; Ghostview creates a viewing window and Ghostscript draws in it. There is a port for Ghostview to MS-Windows. * `gmp' (LangT, SrcCD) GNU MP is a library for arbitrary precision arithmetic on signed integers and rational numbers. It has a rich set of functions with a regular interface. * GNATS (UtilT, SrcCD) Gnats (GNats: A Tracking System) is a bug-tracking system. It is based upon the paradigm of a central site or organization which receives problem reports and negotiates their resolution by electronic mail. Although it's been used primarily as a software bug-tracking system so far, it is sufficiently generalized so that it could be used for handling system administration issues, project management or any number of other applications. * `gnuplot' (UtilT, SrcCD) `gnuplot' is an interactive program for plotting mathematical expressions and data. It handles both curves (2 dimensions) and surfaces (3 dimensions). Curiously, the program was neither written nor named for the GNU Project; the name is a coincidence. * GnuGo (UtilT, SrcCD) GnuGo plays the game of Go (Wei-Chi); it is not yet very sophisticated. * `gperf' (LangT, SrcCD) `gperf' is a "perfect" hash-table generation utility. There are actually two implementations of `gperf', one written in C and one in C++. Both will produce hash functions in either C or C++. * GNU Graphics (UtilT, SrcCD) GNU Graphics is a set of programs which produce plots from ASCII or binary data. It supports output to Tektronix 4010, Postscript, and the X Window System or compatible devices. Features include support for output in ln03 and TekniCAD TDA file formats; a replacement for the `spline' program; examples of shell scripts using `graph' and `plot'; a statistics toolkit; and the use of `configure' for installation. Existing ports need retesting. Contact Rich Murphey, `Rich@rice.edu', if you can help test/port it to anything beyond a SPARCstation. * `grep'/`egrep'/`fgrep' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) The `[ef]grep' programs are GNU's versions of the Unix programs of the same name. They are much faster than the traditional Unix versions. * `groff' and `mgm' (UtilT, SrcCD) `groff' is a document formatting system, which includes implementations of `troff', `pic', `eqn', `tbl', `refer', the `man', `ms' and `mm' macros, as well as drivers for Postscript, TeX dvi format, and typewriter-like devices. Also included is a modified version of the Berkeley `me' macros and an enhanced version of the X11 `xditview' previewer. `mgm' is a macro package for `groff'. It is almost compatible with the DWB `mm' macros and has several extensions. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * `gzip' (DjgppD, EmcsT, LangT, SrcCD, UtilT) Some of the contents of our tape and FTP distributions are compressed. We have software on our tapes and FTP sites to uncompress these files. Due to patent troubles with `compress', we have switched to another compression program, `gzip'. `gzip' can expand LZW-compressed files but uses a different algorithm for compression which generally produces better results. It also uncompresses files compressed with System V's `pack' program. * `hello' (UtilT, SrcCD) The GNU `hello' program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which would otherwise be unavailable to them. Because it is protected by the GNU General Public License, users are free to share and change it. Like any truly useful program, `hello' provides a built-in mail reader. * `hp2xx' (UtilT, SrcCD) GNU hp2xx reads HP-GL files, decomposes all drawing commands into elementary vectors, and converts them into a variety of vector and raster output formats. It is also an HP-GL previewer. Currently supported vector formats include encapsulated Postscript, Uniplex RGIP, Metafont and various special TeX-related formats, and simplified HP-GL (line drawing only) for imports. Raster formats supported include IMG, PBM, PCX, & HP-PCL (including Deskjet & DJ5xxC support). Previewers work under X11 (Unix), OS/2 (PM & full screen), MS-DOS (SVGA, VGA, & HGC). * `indent' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) GNU `indent' is a modified version of the freely-redistributable BSD program of the same name. It formats C source according to GNU coding standards by default, though the BSD default and other formats are available as options. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * `ispell' (UtilT, SrcCD) Ispell is an interactive spell checker that suggests "near misses" as replacements for unrecognized words. System and user-maintained dictionaries can be used. Standalone and GNU Emacs interfaces are available. * JACAL *Not available from the FSF* JACAL is a symbolic mathematics system for the simplification and manipulation of equations and single and multiple-valued algebraic expressions constructed of numbers, variables, radicals, and algebraic functions, differential operators and holonomic functions. In addition, vectors and matrices of the above objects are included. JACAL was written in Scheme by Aubrey Jaffer. It comes with an IEEE P1178 and R4RS compliant version of Scheme ("SCM") written in C. SCM runs on Amiga, Atari-ST, MS-DOS, NOS/VE, VMS, Unix and similar systems. SLIB is a portable Scheme library used by JACAL. Get JACAL, SLIB, and SCM sources via anonymous FTP from either `nexus.yorku.ca' in `/pub/scheme/new', `altdorf.ai.mit.edu' in `/archive/scm' or `prep.ai.mit.edu' in `/pub/gnu/jacal'. The FSF is not distributing JACAL on any media. To receive an IBM PC floppy disk with the source and executable files, send $99.00 to: Aubrey Jaffer 84 Pleasant Street Wakefield, MA 01880 USA * `less' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) `less' is a display paginator similar to `more' and `pg' but with various features (such as the ability to scroll backwards) that most pagers lack. * libg++ (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) The GNU C++ library is an extensive collection of C++ `forest' classes, a new IOStream library for input/output routines, and support tools for use with G++. Among the classes supported are Obstacks, multiple-precision Integers and Rationals, Complex numbers, arbitrary length Strings, BitSets, and BitStrings. There is also a set of pseudo-generic prototype files available for generating common container classes. Partial documentation in Texinfo format is included (not yet published on paper). * `m4' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) GNU `m4' is an implementation of the traditional Unix macro processor. It is mostly SVR4 compatible, although it has some extensions (for example, handling more than 9 positional parameters to macros). `m4' also has built-in functions for including files, running shell commands, doing arithmetic, etc. * `make' (BinCD, EmcsT, LangT, UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) GNU `make' supports POSIX 1003.2 and has all but a few obscure features of the BSD and System V versions of `make', as well as many of our own extensions. GNU extensions include long options, parallel compilation, conditional execution and functions for text manipulation. Texinfo source for the `Make Manual' comes with the program. GNU `make' is on several of our tapes because some native `make' programs lack the `VPATH' feature essential for using the GNU configure system to its full extent. A shell script is included to build GNU `make' on such systems. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * MandelSpawn (UtilT, SrcCD) A parallel Mandelbrot generation program for the MIT X Window System. * mtools (UtilT, SrcCD) mtools is a set of public domain programs to allow Unix systems to read, write and manipulate files on an MS-DOS file system (usually a diskette). * MULE (SrcCD) MULE is a MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs 18. It can handle many character sets at once including Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, Greek, the ISO Latin-1 through Latin-5 character sets, Ukrainian, Russian, and other Cyrillic alphabets. A text buffer in MULE can contain a mixture of characters from these languages. To input any of these characters, you can use various input methods provided by MULE itself. In addition, if you use MULE under some terminal emulator (kterm, cxterm, or exterm), you can use its input methods. * NetHack (UtilT, SrcCD) NetHack is a display-oriented adventure game similar to Rogue. Both ASCII and X displays are supported. * NIH Class Library (LangT, SrcCD) The NIH Class Library (formerly known as "OOPS", Object-Oriented Program Support) is a portable collection of G++ classes, similar to those in Smalltalk-80, which has been developed by Keith Gorlen of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), using the C++ programming language. * Octave (LangT) Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically. Octave can do arithmetic for real and complex scalars and matrices, solve sets of nonlinear algebraic equations, integrate functions over finite and infinite intervals, and integrate systems of ordinary differential and differential-algebraic equations. Octave is available via anonymous ftp from `ftp.che.utexas.edu' in the directory `/pub/octave'. The files are in gzipped tar format (see the file `README' on `prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu'). The Octave distribution includes a 150+ page Texinfo manual. * Oleo (UtilT, SrcCD) Oleo is a spreadsheet program (better for you than the more expensive spreadsheets). It supports the X Window System and character-based terminals, and can output Embedded Postscript renditions of spreadsheets. Keybindings should be familiar to Emacs users and are configurable. Under X and in Postscript output, Oleo supports multiple, variable width fonts. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * `p2c' (LangT, SrcCD) `p2c' is a Pascal-to-C translator written by Dave Gillespie. It is intended primarily for use on 32-bit machines, though porting it to convert code to work on 16-bit machines may be possible. * `patch' (UtilT, SrcCD) `patch' is our version of Larry Wall's program to take `diff''s output and apply those differences to an original file to generate the modified version. * PCL (EmcsT, SrcCD) PCL is a free implementation of a large subset of CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System. PCL was written by Xerox Corporation. * `perl' (LangT, SrcCD) Larry Wall's `perl' combines the features and capabilities of `sed', `awk', `sh' and C, as well as interfaces to all the system calls and many C library routines. Perl Mode for editing `perl' code comes with GNU Emacs 19. * `ptx' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) `ptx' is the GNU version of `ptx', a permuted index generator. Among other things, it produces readable "KWIC" (KeyWords In Context) indexes without the need of `nroff'. There is an option to output TeX code. * `rc' (UtilT, SrcCD) `rc' is a shell that features a C-like syntax (much more so than `csh') and far cleaner quoting rules than the C or Bourne shells. It's intended to be used interactively, but is also great for writing scripts. It inspired the shell `es'. * RCS (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) The Revision Control System, RCS, is used for version control and management of software projects. When used with GNU `diff', RCS can handle binary files (executables, object files, 8-bit data, etc). Also see the entry for "CVS". * `recode' (UtilT, SrcCD) `recode' converts files between character sets and usages. When exact transliterations are not possible, it may get rid of the offending characters or fall back on approximations. This program recognizes or produces nearly 150 different character sets and is able to transliterate files between almost any pair. Most RFC 1345 character sets are supported. * regex (LangT, SrcCD) The GNU regular expression library supports POSIX.2, except for internationalization features. In the past, it has been included in many GNU programs which use regex routines. Now it is finally available separately. * Scheme (SchmT, SrcCD) For information about Scheme, see "Contents of the Scheme Tape". The version on the Source Code CD-ROM only works under MS-DOS. * `screen' (UtilT, SrcCD) `screen' is a terminal multiplexor that runs several separate "screens" (ttys) on a single physical terminal. Each virtual terminal emulates a DEC VT100 plus several ANSI X3.64 and ISO 2022 functions. `screen' sessions can be detached and resumed later on a different terminal. * `sed' (UtilD, UtilT, SrcCD) `sed' is a stream-oriented version of `ed'. It is used copiously in shell scripts. GNU sed comes with the rx library, which is a faster version of regex. * Shellutils (UtilT, SrcCD) Shellutils are used interactively or in shell scripts: `basename', `date', `dirname', `echo', `env', `expr', `false', `groups', `id', `nice', `nohup', `printenv', `printf', `sleep', `stty', `su', `tee', `test', `true', `tty', `uname', `who', `whoami', & `yes'. * GNU Shogi (UtilT, SrcCD) Shogi is a Japanese game similar to Chess; a major difference is that captured pieces can be returned into play. GNU Shogi has been created by modifying GNU Chess; GNU Shogi implements the same features as GNU Chess and uses similar heuristics. As a new feature, sequences of partial board patterns can be introduced in order to help the program play a good order of moves towards specific opening patterns. There is both a text and X display interface. GNU Shogi is primarily supported by Matthias Mutz on behalf of FSF. Matthias Mutz Universitaet Passau, FMI 94030 Passau Germany E-mail: `mutz@kirk.fmi.uni-passau.de' * Smalltalk (LangT, SrcCD) GNU Smalltalk is an interpreted object-oriented programming language system written in portable C. Features include an incremental garbage collector, a binary image save capability, the ability to invoke user-written C code and pass parameters to it, a GNU Emacs editing mode, optional byte-code compilation tracing and byte-code execution tracing, and automatically loaded per-user initialization files. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * superopt (LangT, SrcCD) Superopt is a function sequence generator that uses an exhaustive generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction sequence for a given function. You provide the GNU superoptimizer a function, a CPU to generate code for, and how many instructions you can accept. Its application in GCC is described in the `ACM SIGPLAN PLDI'92' proceedings. Superopt supports: SPARC, m68k, m68020, m88k, IBM RS/6000, AMD 29000, Intel 80x86, Pyramid, DEC Alpha, & HP-PA. * `tar' (UtilT, SrcCD) GNU `tar' includes multivolume support, the ability to archive sparse files, automatic archive compression/decompression, remote archives and special features that allow `tar' to be used for incremental and full backups. Unfortunately GNU `tar' implements an early draft of the POSIX 1003.1 `ustar' standard which is different from the final standard. Adding support for the new changes in a backward-compatible fashion is not trivial. * Termcap Library (UtilT, SrcCD) The GNU Termcap library is a drop-in replacement for `libtermcap.a' on any system. It does not place an arbitrary limit on the size of Termcap entries, unlike most other Termcap libraries. Included is source for the `Termcap Manual' in Texinfo format. * TeX *Not available from the FSF* TeX is document formatting system that handles complicated typesetting, including mathematics. It is the standard formatter for the GNU system. We do not distribute TeX because you can get it from the University of Washington, who serve as the center for maintenance of the Unix version of TeX. To order a full distribution written in `tar' on either a 1/4-inch 4-track QIC-24 cartridge or a 4mm DAT cartridge, send $210.00 to: Northwest Computing Support Center DR-10, Thomson Hall 35 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 E-mail: `unixtex@u.washington.edu' Phone: (206) 543-6259 Please make checks payable to the University of Washington. Checks must be in U.S. Dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank. Prepaid orders are preferred but purchase orders are acceptable; however, purchase orders carry an extra charge of $10.00 to pay for invoice processing. Overseas sites: please add to the base cost $20.00 for shipment via air parcel post, or $30.00 for shipment via courier. Please check with the above for current prices and formats. * Texinfo (EmcsT, LangT, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT) Texinfo is a set of utilities which generate printed manuals and online hypertext-style documentation (called "Info"), and provide means for reading the online versions. Version 3 contains both GNU Emacs Lisp and standalone C programs, as well as source for the `Texinfo Manual'. Also see "Project GNU Status Report". * Textutils (UtilT, SrcCD) The Textutils programs manipulate textual data: `cat', `cksum', `comm', `csplit', `cut', `expand', `fold', `head', `join', `nl', `od', `paste', `pr', `sort', `split', `sum', `tac', `tail', `tr', `unexpand', `uniq', & `wc'. * Tcl (LangT, SrcCD) Tcl is an embeddable tool command language. `expect' and DejaGnu work with and use Tcl. * Tile Forth (LangT, SrcCD) Tile Forth is a 32-bit implementation of the Forth-83 standard written in C, allowing it to be easily moved between different computers (traditionally, Forth implementations are written in assembler to use the underlying hardware as optimally as possible, but this also makes them less portable). * `time' (UtilT, SrcCD) `time' is used to report statistics (usually from a shell) about the amount of user, system and real time used by a process. * `tput' (UtilT, SrcCD) `tput' is a portable way to allow shell scripts to use special terminal capabilities. GNU `tput' uses the Termcap database, rather than Terminfo as most implementations do. * UUCP (UtilT, SrcCD) This version of UUCP was written by Ian Lance Taylor, and is the standard UUCP system for GNU. It currently supports the `f', `g' (in all window and packet sizes), `G', `t' and `e' protocols, as well a Zmodem protocol and two new bidirectional protocols. If you have a Berkeley sockets library, it can make TCP connections. If you have TLI libraries, it can make TLI connections. * `uuencode' (UtilT, SrcCD) Uuencode and uudecode are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support other than simple ASCII data. * `wdiff' (UtilT, SrcCD) `wdiff' compares two files, finding which words have been deleted or added to the first in order to obtain the second. We hope eventually to integrate it, as well as some ideas from a similar program called `spiff', into future releases of GNU `diff'. Contents of the Emacs Tape -------------------------- This tape contains a Common Lisp implementation, GNU Emacs, assorted extensions that work with GNU Emacs, and a few other important utilities. * Calc 2.02b * CLISP 1993.11.08 * Elib 0.06 * GNU Emacs 18.59 * GNU Emacs 19.22 * `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual', Edition 2.02.1 * `gzip' 1.2.4 * `make' 3.70 * PCL 1993.03.18 * Texinfo 3.1 Contents of the Languages Tape ------------------------------ This tape contains programming tools: compilers, interpreters, and related programs (parsers, conversion programs, debuggers, etc.). * Binutils 2.3 * Bison 1.22 * C Library 1.06.7 * DejaGnu 1.1.1 * `dld' 3.2.3 * `expect' 4.7.6 * `ecc' 1.2.1 * `f2c' 1993.04.28 * `flex' 2.4.5 * GAS 2.2 * GAWK 2.15.3 * GCC 2.5.7 (includes G++ & Objective C) * GDB 4.11 * `gdbm' 1.7.1 * `gmp' 1.3.2 * `gperf' 2.1a * `gzip' 1.2.4 * `indent' 1.8 * libg++ 2.5.3 * `make' 3.70 * NIH Class Library 3.0 * Octave 1.0 * `p2c' 1.20 * `perl' 4.036 * regex 0.12 * Smalltalk 1.1.1 * Superopt 2.3 * Tcl 6.7 * Texinfo 3.1 * Tile Forth 2.1 Contents of the Utilities Tape ------------------------------ This tape consists mostly of smaller utilities and miscellaneous applications not available on the other GNU tapes. * `acm' 4.2 * Autoconf 1.7 * BASH 1.13.5 * `bc' 1.02 * Chess 4.0.pl62 * `cpio' 2.3 * CVS 1.3 * `dc' 0.2 * Diffutils 2.6 * `doschk' 1.1 * `elvis' 1.7 * `es' 0.84 * Fax 3.2.1 * Fileutils 3.9 * `find' 3.8 * `finger' 1.37 * Fontutils 0.6 * Ghostscript 2.6.1 * Ghostview 1.5 * GNATS 3.2 * `gnuplot' 3.5 * GnuGo 1.1 * Graphics 0.17 * `grep'/`egrep'/`fgrep' 2.0 * Groff 1.08 * `gzip' 1.2.4 * `hello' 1.3 * `hp2xx' 3.1.4 * `ispell' 4.0 * `less' 177 * `m4' 1.1 * `make' 3.70 * MandelSpawn 0.07 * mtools 2.0.7 * NetHack 3.1.3 * Oleo 1.5 * `patch' 2.1 * `ptx' 0.3 * `rc' 1.4 * RCS 5.6.0.1 * `recode' 3.3 * `screen' 3.5.2 * `sed' 2.03 * Shellutils 1.9.2 * Shogi 1.1.pl02 * `tar' 1.11.2 * Termcap 1.2 * Texinfo 3.1 * Textutils 1.9 * `time' 1.6 * `tput' 1.0 * UUCP 1.04 * `uuencode' 1.0 * `wdiff' 0.4 Contents of the Scheme Tape --------------------------- Scheme is a simplified, lexically-scoped dialect of Lisp. It was designed at MIT and other universities to teach students the art of programming, and to research new parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques. This tape contains MIT Scheme 7.1, which conforms to the "Revised^4 Report On the Algorithmic Language Scheme" (MIT AI Lab Memo 848b), for which TeX source is included. It is written partly in C, but is presently hard to bootstrap. Binaries which can be used to bootstrap Scheme are available for the following systems: * HP 9000 series 300, 400, 700 & 800 running HP-UX 7.0 or 8.0 * NeXT running NeXT OS 1.0 or 2.0 * Sun-3 or Sun-4 running SunOS 4.1 * DECstation 3100/5100 running Ultrix 4.0 * Sony NWS-3250 running NEWS OS 5.01 * Vax running 4.3 BSD If your system is not on this list and you don't enjoy the bootstrap challenge, see the "JACAL" entry in the "GNU Software Available Now." Contents of the X11 Tapes ------------------------- The two X11 tapes contain Version 11, Release 5 of the MIT X Window System. The first FSF tape contains all of the core software, documentation and some contributed clients. We call this the "required" X tape since it is necessary for running X or running GNU Emacs under X. The second, "optional", FSF tape contains contributed libraries and other toolkits, the Andrew User Interface System, games, and other programs. The X11 Required tape also contains all fixes and patches released to date. We update this tape as new fixes and patches are released. Berkeley Networking 2 Tape -------------------------- The Berkeley "Net2" release contains the second 4.3 BSD distribution and is newer than both 4.3 BSD-Tahoe and 4.3 BSD-Reno. It includes most of the BSD software system except for a few utilities, some parts of the kernel and some library routines which your own C library is likely to provide (we have replacements on other tapes for many of the missing programs). This release also contains third party software including Kerberos and some GNU software. VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes -------------------------------- We offer two VMS tapes. One has just the GNU Emacs editor. The other has the GNU C compiler, Bison (to compile GCC), GAS (to assemble GCC's output) and some library and include files. We are not aware of a GDB port for VMS. Both VMS tapes have executables from which you can bootstrap, as the DEC VMS C compiler cannot compile GCC. Please do not ask us to devote effort to VMS support, because it is peripheral to the GNU Project. Source Code CD-ROM ****************** The Free Software Foundation has produced its third source CD-ROM. It contains the following: * `acm' 3.1 * Autoconf 1.7 * BASH 1.13.4 * `bc' 1.02 * Binutils 1.9 & 2.3 * Bison 1.22 * GNU C Library 1.06.7 * Calc 2.02b * GNU Chess 4.0p62 * CLISP 1993.11.08 * `cperf' 2.1a * `cpio' 2.3 * CVS 1.3 * `dc' 0.2 * DejaGnu 1.0.1 * diffutils 2.6 * `dld' 3.2.3 * `doschk' 1.1 * `ecc' 1.2.1 * elib 0.06 * `elvis' 1.7 * Emacs 18.59 & Emacs 19.21 * `es' 0.84 * `f2c' 1993.04.28 * Fax 3.2.1 * Fileutils 3.9 * `find' 3.8 * `finger' 1.37 * `flex' 2.3.8 * Fontutils 0.6 * GAS 1.36.utah, 1.38.1, & 2.2 * Gawk 2.15.3 * GCC 2.5.4 * GDB 4.11 * `gdbm' 1.7.1 * Ghostscript 2.6.1 * Ghostview 1.5 * Ghostview for Windows 1.0 * `gmp' 1.3.2 * GNATS 3.01 * `gnuplot' 3.5 * GnuGo 1.1 * Graphics 0.17 * `grep'/`egrep'/`fgrep' 2.0 * Groff 1.08 * `gzip' 1.2.4 * `hello' 1.3 * `hp2xx' 3.1.3a * `indent' 1.8 * `ispell' 4.0 * `less' 177 * `libg++' 2.5.1 * `m4' 1.1 * `make' 3.69.1 * MandelSpawn 0.06 * mtools 2.0.7 * MULE 1.0 * Nethack 3.1.3 * NIHCL 3.0 * Oleo 1.5 * `p2c' 1.20 * `patch' 2.1 * PCL 1993.03.18 * `perl' 4.036 * `ptx' 0.3 * `rc' 1.4 * RCS 5.6.0.1 * `recode' 3.2.4 * regex 0.12 * MIT Scheme (MS-DOS) 7.2 * `screen' 3.5.2 * `sed' 1.18 & 2.03 * Shellutils 1.9.1 * GNU Shogi 1.1p02 * Smalltalk 1.1.1 * Superopt 2.3 * `tar' 1.11.2 * Termcap library 1.2 * Texinfo 3.1 * Textutils 1.9.1 * Tile Forth 2.1 * `time' 1.6 * `tput' 1.0 * UUCP 1.04 * `uuencode' 1.0 * `wdiff' 0.04 * X11R5 The CD-ROM also contains Texinfo source for the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' Edition 2.02 for version 19 and a snapshot of the Emacs Lisp Archive at Ohio State University. (You can get libraries in this archive by UUCP (ask `staff@cis.ohio-state.edu' for directions) or by anonymous FTP from `archive.cis.ohio-state.edu' in `/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive'.) The contents of the MIT Scheme, VMS, and Net2 tapes are not included The CD-ROM is in ISO 9660 format and can be mounted as a read-only file system on most operating systems. If your driver supports it you can mount the CD-ROM with "Rock Ridge" extensions and it will look just like an ordinary Unix file system, rather than one full of truncated and otherwise mangled names that fit the vanilla ISO 9660 specifications. You can build most of this software without needing to copy the sources off the CD. Only sufficient disk space for object files and intermediate build targets is required. Except for the MIT Scheme binaries for MS-DOS and the Ghostview for Windows executable, there are no precompiled programs on this CD. 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So we decided to make CDs available to individuals at the lower price of $100, but not do the same for companies. * Is there a maximum price? Our stated prices are minimums. Feel free to pay a higher price if you wish to support GNU development more. The sky's the limit; we will accept as high a price as you can offer. Or simply give a tax-deductible donation to the Free Software Foundation, which is a tax-exempt public charity. Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM ****************************** We are now offering a CD-ROM that contains executables for GNU compiler tools for some systems which lack a compiler. This will allow users of those systems to compile GNU and other free software without having to buy a proprietary compiler. The CD-ROM is in ISO 9660 format and can be mounted as a read-only file system on most operating systems. 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For a one-time cost equivalent to three tapes or CD-ROMs, we will mail you four new versions of the tape of your choice or the Source Code CD-ROM. The tapes are sent each quarter, the Source Code CD-ROMs are sent as they are issued. (The Source Code CD-ROM is currently issued twice a year, but we may issue it more frequently in the future.) Regularly, we will send you a new version of an Emacs, Languages, Utilities, or MIT X Window System Required tape or the Source CD-ROM. The BSD Net-2, MIT Scheme, and MIT X Window System Optional tapes are not changed often enough to warrant quarterly updates. The Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM is so new we do not yet know if we will be offering subscriptions to it. Since Emacs 19 is now on the Emacs Tape and the Source CD-ROM, a subscription to either will be a convenient way to keep current with Emacs 19 updates as it moves through beta-test. A subscription is also an easy way to keep up with the regular bug fixes to the MIT X Window System. 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Those on JANET can look under `src.doc.ic.ac.uk' in `/gnu'. You can get some GNU programs via UUCP. Ohio State University posts their UUCP instructions regularly to newsgroup `comp.sources.d' on USENET. These people will send you UUCP instructions via electronic mail: hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny, uunet!hutch!barber, src@contrib.de (Europe), james@bigtex.cactus.org, acornrc!bob, toku@dit.co.jp (Japan), staff@cis.ohio-state.edu For those without Internet access, see the section "Free Software Support" for information on getting electronic mail and file transfer via UUCP. The Deluxe Distribution *********************** The Free Software Foundation has been repeatedly asked to create a package that provides executables for all of our software. Usually we offer only sources. In addition to providing binaries with the source code, the Deluxe Distribution includes copies of all our printed manuals and reference cards. The FSF Deluxe Distribution contains the binaries and sources to hundreds of different programs including GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, the GNU Debugger, the complete MIT X Window System, and all the GNU utilities. You may choose one of these machines and operating systems: HP 9000 series 300, 700 or 800 (4.3 BSD or HP-UX); RS/6000 (AIX); SONY News 68k (4.3 BSD or NewsOS 4); Sun-3, Sun-4, or SPARC (SunOS 4 or Solaris). If your machine or system is not listed, or if a specific program has not been ported to that machine, please call the FSF office at the phone number below or send e-mail to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. We supply the software on one of these media in Unix tar format: 1600 or 6250 bpi, 1/2 inch, reel to reel tape; Sun DC300XLP 1/4 inch cartridge, QIC-24; HP 16 track DC600HC 1/4 inch cartridge; IBM RS/6000 1/4 inch cartridge, QIC-150; Exabyte 8mm cartridge; DAT 4mm cartridge. If your computer cannot read any of these, please call us. The manuals included are one each of the Bison, Calc, Gawk, GNU C Compiler, GNU C Library, GNU Debugger, Flex, GNU Emacs Lisp Reference, Make, Texinfo & Termcap manuals; six copies of the manual for GNU Emacs; & a packet of reference cards each for GNU Emacs, Calc, the GNU Debugger, Bison, & Flex. In addition, every Deluxe Distribution includes CD-ROMs (in ISO 9660 format with Rock Ridge extensions) that contains sources of our software & compiler tool binaries for some systems. The Deluxe Distribution costs $5000. It is for people who want to get everything compiled for them or who want to make a purchase that helps the FSF in a large way. To order, please fill out the "Deluxe Distribution" sections in the "Free Software Foundation Order Form" and send it to: Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-3309 USA Electronic mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu Phone: +1-617-876-3296 FAX: +1-617-492-9057 FAX (in Japan): 0031-13-2473 (KDD) 0066-3382-0158 (IDC) MS-DOS Distribution ******************* The FSF distributes, on 3.5 inch 1.44MB diskettes, some of the GNU software ported to MS-DOS. The disks have both sources and executables. Contents of the Demacs diskettes -------------------------------- Demacs is a version of GNU Emacs 18.55 ported to MS-DOS, with some changes from Emacs 18.57. Two versions are actually included: one which handles 8-bit character sets; and one based on an early version of MULE which handles 16-bit character sets including Kanji. We distribute them on five diskettes. Demacs runs on Intel 80386 and 80486-based machines running MS-DOS. It is compatible with XMS memory managers and VCPI, but not yet with Microsoft Windows extended mode or other DPMI managers. Contents of the DJGPP diskettes ------------------------------- We distribute DJGPP on 22 diskettes. DJGPP requires at least 5MB of hard disk space to install, and 512K of RAM to use. See `GNU Software Available Now" for more information on DJGPP. Contents of the Selected Utilities diskettes -------------------------------------------- The GNUish MS-DOS Project releases GNU software ported to PC compatibles. In general, this software will run on 8086 and 80286-based machines; an 80386 is not required. Some of these utilities are necessarily missing features. Included are: `cpio', `diff', some file utilities, `find', `flex', `gdbm', `grep', `indent', `less', `m4', `make', MAWK, MicroEmacs, `ptx', RCS, `sed', `shar', `sort', & Texinfo. Contents of the Windows diskette -------------------------------- We are distributing versions of GNU Chess and `gnuplot' ported to Microsoft Windows on a single diskette. Free Software for Microcomputers ******************************** We do not provide support for GNU software on microcomputers because it is peripheral to the GNU Project. However, we are distributing a few such programs on tape, CD-ROM and diskette. We are also willing to publish information about groups who do support and maintain them. If you are aware of any such efforts, please send the details, including postal addresses, archive sites and mailing lists, to either address on the front cover. See "MS-DOS Distribution" and both CD-ROM articles for more information about microcomputer software available from the FSF. Please do not ask us about any other software. The FSF does *not* maintain any of it and has *no* additional information. * GNU Software *not* on Apple computers In lawsuits, Apple claims the power to stop people from writing any program that has a user interface that works even vaguely like the Macintosh's. If Apple wins in the courts, it will create for itself a new power over the public that will enable it to put an end to free software. So long as Apple is committed to establishing this kind of monopoly, we will not provide any support or software for Apple machines. We ask that you too refrain from developing for or porting to Apple systems, since any more software adds to their business. Don't feed the lawyer that bites you! * Boston Computer Society The BCS has thousands of shareware and free programs for microcomputers, including some GNU programs. Contact them to see what is available for your machine: Boston Computer Society 1 Kendall Square, Bldg 1400, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Phone: (617) 252-0600 * GNU Software on the Amiga Get Amiga ports of many GNU programs using anonymous FTP from host `ftp.funet.fi' in `/pub/amiga/gnu' (Europe). For info on (or offers to help with) the GCC port and related projects, ask Leonard Norrgard, `vinsci@nic.funet.fi'. For info on the GNU Emacs port, ask David Gay, `dgay@di.epfl.ch', or Mark D. Henning, `henning@stolaf.edu'. You can get more info via anonymous FTP in `prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/MicrosPorts/Amiga'. * GNU Software for Atari TOS and Atari Minix Get Atari ports by anonymous FTP from `atari.archive.umich.edu' (maintained by Howard Chu, `hyc@hanauma.jpl.nasa.gov'). Ports are discussed on USENET in newsgroups `comp.sys.atari.st.tech' & `comp.sys.atari.st'. * GNU C/C++ 2.3.3 for OS/2 2.0 Michael Johnson has written a completely stand-alone port of the GNU C/C++ Version 2.3.3 compiler for OS/2 2.0. It has the C/C++ compilers, the GNU assembler, documentation & both OS/2-specific and the BSD C libraries. You can get it from host `hobbes.nmsu.edu' in file `/os2/2_x/unix/gnu/gcc2_233' by FTP. To join the mailing list, send a message to `os2gcc-request@charon.mit.edu'. * Linux: a free Unix system for 386 machines Linux (named after its author, Linus Torvalds, and Minix) is a free Unix clone which implements a subset of System V and POSIX functionality. Linux has been written from scratch and does not contain any proprietary code. Many of the utilities and libraries are GNU Project software. Linux runs only on 386/486 AT-bus (and some EISA-bus) machines. Porting to non-Intel architectures is hard because the kernel makes extensive use of 386 memory management and task primitives. Linux is freely distributable and available via anonymous FTP: `tsx-11.mit.edu' in `/pub/linux' (USA), `nic.funet.fi' in `/pub/OS/Linux' (Europe). Ask `linux-activists-request@niksula.hut.fi' about their mailing lists. See USENET newsgroup `comp.os.linux.misc' et al for Linux discussions. * DJGPP 1.11m1, the GNU C/C++ compiler for MS-DOS DJ Delorie has ported GCC/G++ to the 386/483 MS-DOS platform. See "GNU Software Available Now" for details. The FSF is distributing DJGPP on both floppies and CD (see "MS-DOS Distribution" and "Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM"). * Demacs, GNU Emacs for MS-DOS Manabu Higashida and Hirano Satoshi have released Demacs, a GNU Emacs port for 386/486 MS-DOS. Version 1.2.0 is the first post-beta release. Demacs provides several DOS-specific features: support for binary or text file translation, "8 bit clean" display mode, 80x86 software interrupt calls via an `int86' Lisp function, machine-specific features such as function key support, file name completion with drive name, child processes (`suspend-emacs' and `call-process'). Dired mode works without `ls.exe'. Anonymous FTP it from: `wuarchive.wustl.edu' in `/mirrors/msdos/demacs', `utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp' in `/GNU/demacs' (Japan), and `ftp.funet.fi' in `/pub/gnu/emacs/demacs' (Europe). The FSF is distributing Demacs on floppies (see "MS-DOS Distribution"). * GNU Software on MS-DOS You can ask `info-gnu-msdos-request@sun.soe.clarkson.edu' about MS-DOS ports of GNU programs and related mailing lists. Or anonymous FTP files `/pub/gnu/MicrosPorts/MSDOS*' on `prep.ai.mit.edu'. The FSF is distributing MS-DOS ports of many GNU programs on both floppies & CD (see "MS-DOS Distribution" & "Source Code CD-ROM"). FSF T-shirt *********** We still have our Free Software Foundation T-shirts available, designed by Cambridge artist Jamal Hannah. The front of the t-shirt has an image of a GNU hacking at a workstation with the text "GNU's Not Unix" above and the text "Free Software Foundation" below. They are available in two colors, Natural and Black. Natural is an off-white, unbleached, undyed, environment-friendly cotton, printed with black ink, and is great for tye-dyeing or displaying as is. Black is printed with white ink and is perfect for late night hacking. All shirts are thick 100% cotton, and are available in sizes M, L, XL and XXL. The front of the t-shirt has an image of a GNU hacking at a workstation with the text "GNU's Not Unix" above and the text "Free Software Foundation" below. We have just added a copy of the GNU General Public License to the back of the t-shirt, which use to be blank. Use the "Free Software Foundation Order Form" to order your shirt, and consider getting one as a present for your favorite hacker! *Work for something because it is good, not just because it stands a chance to succeed.* -Vaclav Havel Thank GNUs ********** Thanks to all those mentioned above in "Informal GCC Consortium", "GNUs Flashes", "Project GNU Status Report", "Second Annual GNU Seminar in Japan", "GNU and other Free Software in Japan" and "GNU Software Available Now". Thanks to the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Laboratory for Computer Science, and Project Athena at MIT for their invaluable assistance. Thanks to the many companies and organizations who have brought our Deluxe Distribution package. For their assistance in Japan, thanks to: Nobuyuki Hikichi, Mieko Hikichi, Ken'ichi Handa, Bob Myers, David Littleboy, Prof. Masayuki Ida, Japan Unix Society, Senri International Information Institute, Industrial Vitalization Center for Tohoku, The University of Aizu, and Nihon Sun User Group. Thanks to Addison Wesley Publishers Japan, A.I. Soft, Village Center, Inc., ASCII Corporation and many others in Japan, for their continued donations and support. Thanks to the Sun Users Group, PCI, and the USENIX Association, for donating booths at their conferences. Thanx to all the volunteers who helped the GNU Project at these and other conferences. Thanks to Wired Magazine and Barry Meikle of the University of Toronto Bookstore for donating us ad space in their separate publications. Thanks again to the Open Software Foundation for their continued support; and to Cygnus Support for assisting Project GNU in many ways. Thanks to Warren A. Hunt, Jr. and Computational Logic, Inc. for their donation and support. Thanks to Aalborg University for donating a part-time programmer. Thanks to Jamie Zawinski for his implementation of some of the X-related features in Emacs 19. Thanks go out to all those who have either lent or donated machines, including an anonymous donor for a 4mm DAT catridge drive, IBM Corp. for an Exabyte tape drive and an RS/6000; Cygnus Support for a Sun SPARCstation; Hewlett-Packard for two 80486, six 68030 and four Spectrum computers; Brewster Kahle of Thinking Machines Corp. for a Sun-4/110; CMU's Mach Project for a Sun-3/60; Intel Corp. for their 386 machine; NeXT for their workstation; the MIT Media Laboratory for a Hewlett-Packard 68020; SONY Corp. and Software Research Associates, Inc., both of Tokyo, for three SONY News workstations; the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science for the DEC MicroVAX; the Open Software Foundation for two Compaq 386s; Delta Microsystems for an Exabyte tape drive; an anonymous donor for 5 IBM RT/PCs; Liant Software Corp. for five VT100s; Jerry Peek for a 386 machine; NCD Corporation for an X terminal; and Interleaf, Inc., Veronika Caslavsky, Paul English, Cindy Woolworth and Lisa Bergen for the loan of a scanner. Thanks to all who have contributed ports & extensions, as well as all who have sent in other source code, documentation, & good bug reports. Thanks to all those who sent money and offered other kinds of help. Thanks also to all those who support us by ordering manuals, distribution tapes, diskettes, and CD-ROMs. The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who have expressed interest in what we are doing. Free Software Foundation Order Form *********************************** Price and contents may change without notice after June 30, 1994. All items are distributed with permission to copy and to redistribute. Texinfo source for each manual is on the appropriate tape, diskette, or CD-ROM; the prices for these magnetic media do not include printed manuals. All items are provided on an "as is" basis, with no warranty of any kind. Please allow six weeks for delivery (though it won't usually take that long). PRICE AND CONTENTS MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE AFTER June 30, 1994. The following tapes in the formats indicated (tape contents above): Please circle the dollar amount for each tape you order. Reel to Sun (1) HP IBM (2) Exabyte DAT reel RS/6000 Unix tar Unix tar Unix tar Unix tar Unix tar Unix tar 9-track QIC-24 16-track QIC-150 1600 bpi DC300XLP DC600HC DC600A 1/2" reel 1/4" c.t. 1/4" c.t. 1/4" c.t. 8mm c.t. 4mm c.t. (c.t. = cartridge tape) (n/a = not available) Emacs $200 $210 $230 $215 (3) $205 $225 Languages $200 $210 $230 n/a $205 $225 Utilities $200 $210 $230 $215 $205 $225 BSD-Net2 $200 $210 $230 $215 $205 $225 Scheme $200 $210 $230 $215 $205 $225 X11r5-Required $200 $210 $230 $215 $205 $225 X11r5-Optional $200 $210 $230 $215 $205 $225 (1) Sun tapes can be read on some other Unix systems. (2) IBM RS/6000 tapes can be read on some other Unix systems. (3) The IBM Emacs tape also has binaries for GNU Emacs. Subscriptions, 4 updates for one year: FSF's Subscription Service provides four new versions of the tape of your choice. It is offered only for tapes that change frequently. Emacs $600 $630 $690 $645 $615 $675 Languages $600 $630 $690 n/a $615 $675 Utilities $600 $630 $690 $645 $615 $675 X11r5-Required $600 $630 $690 $645 $615 $675 Subtotal $ ______ Please put total of the above circled amounts here. The following, on 1600 bpi reel-to-reel 9 track 1/2" tapes, in VMS BACKUP format (aka interchange format): ____ @ $195 = $ ______ VMS Emacs, GNU Emacs source & executables only. None of the other software on the GNU Emacs Tape, described above, is included ____ @ $195 = $ ______ VMS Languages, GCC, GAS, and Bison source and executables only. None of the other software on the GNU Languages Tape, described above, is included. FSF Deluxe Distribution (contents described above): Machine: _____________________________________________________________________ Operating system: ____________________________________________________________ Media type: __________________________________________________________________ ____ @ $5000 = $ ______ Deluxe Distribution, with manuals, reference cards. CD-ROMs, source code and executables. Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM, in ISO 9660 format (CD-ROM described above): ____ @ $240 = $ ______ GNU Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM for corporations and other organizations. ____ @ $60 = $ ______ GNU Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM for individuals. Source Code CD-ROM, in ISO 9660 format (CD-ROM described above): ____ @ $400 = $ ______ GNU Source Code CD-ROM for corporations and other organizations. ____ @ $100 = $ ______ GNU Source Code CD-ROM for individuals. Subscriptions, next 4 updates, of the Source Code CD-ROM, in ISO 9660 format (CD-ROM described above): ____ @ $1200 = $ ______ Subscription to the GNU Source Code CD-ROM for corporations and other organizations. ____ @ $300 = $ ______ Subscription to the GNU Source Code CD-ROM for individuals. The following source and executables for MS-DOS, on 3.5" 1.44MB diskettes: ____ @ $ 90 = $ ______ Demacs (a port of GNU Emacs) on diskettes, for 80386 and up. Two versions are included. One handles 8-bit characters sets. The other, based on Nemacs, handles 16-bit character sets, including Kanji. ____ @ $ 80 = $ ______ DJGPP on diskettes, GCC version 2, for 80386 and up. DJGPP is a complete port of GCC, libraries, development utilities, and a symbolic debugger, for Intel 80386 and 80486--based machines running MS-DOS. DJGPP requires at least 5MB of hard disk space to install, and 512K of RAM to use. It is compatible with XMS memory managers and VCPI, but not with Microsoft Windows extended mode or other DPMI managers. It cannot emulate multitasking (e.g. fork) or signals. ____ @ $ 85 = $ ______ Selected Utilities from the GNUish MS-DOS Project on diskettes, 8086 and up. The utilities include: RCS, flex, GAWK, cpio, diff, MicroEmacs, find, some file utilities, gdbm, grep, libc, ptx, indent, less, m4, make, sed, shar, sort, and Texinfo. Some of these utilities are necessarily missing features. ____ @ $ 40 = $ ______ Windows diskette, GNU Chess and gnuplot for Microsoft Windows. The following manuals, 7 by 9.25 inches, soft cover with an illustration, offset printed, "lay-flat" binding: ____ @ $ 25 = $ ______ GNU Emacs version 18 manual, unit price for 1 to 5 copies, about 410 pages, new 8th edition with a reference card. ____ @ $ 17 = $ ______ GNU Emacs version 18 manuals, unit price for 6 or more. ____ @ $ 50 = $ ______ GNU Emacs Lisp Reference version 18 manual, about 614 pages in 2 volumes. ____ @ $200 = $ ______ A box of 5 GNU Emacs Lisp Reference version 18 manuals. *** NEW !!! *** ____ @ $ 25 = $ ______ GNU Emacs version 19 manual, unit price for 1 to 5 copies, about 418 pages, new 9th edition with a reference card. 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