turtles-own [ new? ] globals [ len swirl? ball? tree1? tree2? sierpinski? koch? figureEight? ] to setup ca crt 1 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy init-x init-y set heading 0 pd ] set len 64 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? false end to go ask turtles [ set new? false pd ] ifelse (swirl?) [ swirl ] [ ifelse (ball?) [ ball ] [ ifelse (tree1?) [ tree1 ] [ ifelse (tree2?) [ tree2 ] [ ifelse (sierpinski?) [ sierpinskiTree ] [ ifelse (koch?) [ kochCurve ] [ ifelse (figureEight?) [ figureEightCovering ] [ applyRules ] ] ] ] ] ] ] tick end ;write your own rules for the l-system fractal here. for commands either read the documentation in this file or ;follow the directions found in the information file. briefly, ; "t" causes every non-new turtle to create a new turtle with the same heading ; "r " causes every non-new turtle to turn to the right by number degrees ; "l " causes every non-new turtle to turn to the left by number degrees ; "ahead " causes every non-new turtle to draw a line of length number in the direction each is heading ; "f" causes every non-new turtle to draw line of length 1 in the direction each is heading ; "skip " causes every non-new turtle to move forward by number in the direction each is heading without drawing ; "s" causes every non-new turtle to move forward by 1 in the direction each is heading without drawing to applyRules ;enter your rules here f f f r 15 t f f f l 30 f f f ;stop entering in rules end ;hatch a new turtle for all the turtles that are not new to the current iteration and set new? to be true ;further for all those turtles that do create another turtle, change their color by adding to color color-inc to t ask turtles with [not new?] [hatch 1 [set new? true] set color color + color-inc ] end ;turn each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration to the right by degree degrees to r [degree] ask turtles with [not new?] [rt degree] end ;turn each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration to the left by degree degrees to l [degree] ask turtles with [not new?] [lt degree] end ;move each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration forward by steps to ahead [steps] ask turtles with [not new?] [fd steps] end ;move each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration forward by 1 to f ask turtles with [not new?] [fd 1] end ;move each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration forward by 1 but do not draw to s ask turtles with [not new?] [pu fd 1 pd] end ;move each turtle that wasn't created during the current iteration forward by steps but do not draw to skip [steps] ask turtles with [not new?] [pu fd steps pd] end ;destroys all non-new turtles to d ask turtles with [not new?] [die] end ;----------------------------- ; example buttons ;----------------------------- to swirlSetup ca crt 1 set color-inc 9.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 0 set heading 0 pd ] set len 50 set swirl? true set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? false end to swirl ask turtles [set new? false pd] f f f r 10 t s s s l 60 ahead 5 end to ballSetup ca crt 1 set color-inc 9.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 0 set heading 0 pd ] set len 50 set swirl? false set ball? true set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? false end to ball ask turtles [set new? false pd] f f r 45 t s s s l 45 f f f l 45 end to tree1Setup ca crt 1 set color-inc 9.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 -10 set heading 0 pd ] set len 50 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? true set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? false end to tree1 ask turtles [set new? false pd] ahead 4 r 15 ahead 8 t r 180 skip 8 r 180 l 15 ahead 4 l 15 t ahead 8 d end to tree2Setup ca crt 1 set color-inc 9.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 -50 set heading 0 pd ] set len 50 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? true set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? false end to tree2 ask turtles [set new? false pd] ahead 10 r 30 ahead 5 t skip -5 l 60 ahead 5 t skip -5 r 30 skip -10 end to sierpinskiSetup ca crt 1 set color-inc 3.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 -25 set heading 0 pd ] set len 55 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? true set koch? false set figureEight? false end to sierpinskiTree ask turtles [set new? false pd] repeat 3 [ ahead len t r 180 skip len r 180 r 120 ] set len (len / 2) d end to figureEightSetup ca crt 1 set color-inc 9.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy 0 0 set heading 0 pd ] set len 50 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? false set figureEight? true end to figureEightCovering ask turtles [set new? false pd] repeat 4 [ ahead len t r 180 skip len l 90 ] set len (len / 2) d end to kochSetup ca crt 1 set color-inc 5.0 set init-color 9.0 ask turtles [ set shape "line" set color init-color setxy -82 -64 set heading 90 pd ] set len 55 set swirl? false set ball? false set tree1? false set tree2? false set sierpinski? false set koch? true set figureEight? false end to kochCurve ask turtles [set new? false pd] t ahead len l 60 t ahead len r 120 t ahead len l 60 t ahead len r 120 set len (len / 3) d end ; *** NetLogo 4.0.4 Model Copyright Notice *** ; ; This model was created as part of the projects: ; PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN ; CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. ; The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the ; National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- ; grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. ; ; Copyright 2001 by Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Uri Wilensky. ; Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: ; Wilensky, U. (2001). NetLogo L-System Fractals model. ; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/L-SystemFractals. ; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, ; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ; ; In other publications, please use: ; Copyright 2001 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/L-SystemFractals ; for terms of use. ; ; *** End of NetLogo 4.0.4 Model Copyright Notice *** @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 284 17 696 450 100 100 2.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -100 100 -100 100 1 1 1 ticks CC-WINDOW 5 483 705 578 Command Center 0 BUTTON 101 37 182 70 go once go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 32 37 87 70 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 60 86 218 119 color-inc color-inc 0.0 100.0 5 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 60 125 221 158 init-color init-color 0.0 140.0 9 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 22 161 136 194 init-x init-x -100.0 100.0 -82 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 151 160 266 193 init-y init-y -100.0 100.0 -6 1.0 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 185 37 240 70 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 15 348 70 381 Swirl swirlSetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 78 348 133 381 Ball ballSetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 144 348 199 381 Tree1 tree1Setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 207 348 262 381 Tree2 tree2Setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 15 389 124 425 Sierpinski's Tree sierpinskiSetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 82 436 208 469 Koch's Curve kochSetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 134 390 276 426 Figure Eight Covering figureEightSetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL TEXTBOX 5 291 272 342 Examples: Press the buttons to setup examples of L-System Fractals. Then press the GO or GO ONCE buttons to see them draw. 11 0.0 0 MONITOR 80 208 206 253 count turtles count turtles 10 1 11 @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This program draws special types of pictures called fractals. A fractal is a shape that is self-similar - that is, it looks the same no matter how closely you zoom in or out For instance, a tree can be thought of as a fractal since if you look at the tree as a whole, you see a stick, that is to say the trunk, with branches coming out of it. Then if you look at a smaller portion of it, say a branch, you see a similar thing, namely, a stick with branches coming out of it. This model allows you to draw and look at one class of fractals, called L-system fractals. L-System fractals are made by following a set of rules over and over. The rules can be few, but a fascinating and complicated fractal can still form. These rules tell the turtles what to do. In the beginning, there will be only one turtle for any fractal. This turtle can do things such as draw a line, or turn to the right or left. This turtle can also split itself into two turtles. Each new turtle follows the same rules as the original turtle, and draws its own "branch" of the emerging fractal design. By using different sets of rules, you can create a wide variety of different fractal designs. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Perhaps the best way to start with this program is by looking at examples of some L-system fractals. In the "Interface" tab, you will find a series of buttons: "Swirl", "Ball", etc. Each button sets up a different fractal. Some of these examples are famous fractals, such as Sierpinski's tree and Koch's snowflake. To view these examples, simply click on one of the example buttons and then press the GO button. Please be patient while the fractal draws. Some of these fractals take about 30 seconds to completely draw. You know that a fractal is done drawing when the button that you clicked, changes back to its original color, a light gray. You can also have the fractals drawn one step a time. Once you click an example setup button, instead of clicking the GO button, click on the GO ONCE button. This draws the fractal by doing the set of rules only one time per click as opposed to continuously, like the GO button. A final example of a fern or leafy branch can be found by clicking on the SETUP button followed by either the GO ONCE or GO buttons. If you don't like the location of the fractal in the world you can change it by modifying the value of the following sliders: The INIT-X slider sets the initial x coordinate of the first turtle. It changes the horizontal starting location of the original turtle. The INIT-Y slider sets the initial y coordinate of the first turtle. It changes the vertical starting location of the original turtle. If you don't like the color scheme of the fractal you can change it by modifying the value of the following sliders: The INIT-COLOR slider sets the initial color of the first turtle. The value of the COLOR-INC slider is added to the turtles color anytime a new turtle hatches. The example buttons and the SETUP button sets up the world to draw a fractal. Each of the example buttons sets up the world to draw the fractal of the same name. The SETUP button sets up the world for drawing the rules found in the applyRules procedure in the "Procedures" tab. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- Notice the self-similarity of the fractals at each iteration. What if one were to perform an infinite number of iterations? Would looking at any piece up close look any different than looking at the whole? Also notice how the number of turtles in each of the example is multiplied by some number at each iteration. Does this make sense? Try to figure out the number of turtles at some arbitrary step n for one or more of the examples. THINGS TO TRY ------------- Now that you have played around with settings for the examples provided, why not try making your own fractals. You can do this by writing a set the following commands in the applyRules function in the "Procedures" tab: - "t" causes every non-new turtle to create a new turtle with the same heading - "r " causes every non-new turtle to turn to the right by number degrees - "l " causes every non-new turtle to turn to the left by number degrees - "ahead " causes every non-new turtle to draw a line of length number in the direction each is heading - "f" causes every non-new turtle to draw line of length 1 in the direction each is heading - "skip " causes every non-new turtle to move forward by number in the direction each is heading without drawing - "s" causes every non-new turtle to move forward by 1 in the direction each is heading without drawing - "d" causes all non-new turtles to be destroyed To make your fractals, you must write a series of these commands into the applyRules function, in between the lines: ;enter your rules here ... ;stop entering in rules For example, if you wanted to see what kind of a fractal the set of rules | ahead 5 t r 45 ahead -2 skip 7 l 30 would generate, you would just type them into the applyRules procedure as seen below. | to applyRules | ;enter your rules here | ahead 5 t r 45 ahead -2 skip 7 l 30 | ;stop entering in rules | end Use the commands above to make your own fractals. Then change the initial color and color increment values to make the fractal more interesting to look at. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- Try adding switches such as increment-by-random-length or decrement-by-random-degree that could impose a random factor to the movement of the turtles. Then add to the forward and turning functions, for example, a random value to the number of steps and degrees. This would increase the realism in a fractal. Pick up a book on fractals or search on the internet to find fractals that are interesting and try to create them using the rules of L-system fractals. You may find some resources below. Try extending the set of rules so that there are more than the basic ones included in this model. Then use these rules to make new fractals. Try starting with more than just one turtle, in a different location or heading, and see how that can affect the fractals that you have made. Does it ruin them or does it make them more interesting and complex? NETLOGO FEATURES ---------------- Notice the use of agentsets to make some of the commands affect only certain turtles. For example, the reporter WITH is used to isolate non-new turtles and have the rules affect only them. Also notice how the fractals are formed using several agents following the same rules through the use of the "hatch" primitive, which makes it simple to generate fractals like Sierpinski's tree. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- You may find more information on L-System fractals in the following locations: This site offers a nice history and explanation of L-system fractals as well as quit a few classic examples of L-systems. http://spanky.triumf.ca/www/fractint/LSYS/tutor.html This site offers an introduction to fractals, including L-system fractals as well as others. http://www.cs.wpi.edu/~matt/courses/cs563/talks/cbyrd/pres1.html The Fractal Geometry of Nature by Benoit Mandelbrot To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: Wilensky, U. (2001). NetLogo L-System Fractals model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/L-SystemFractals. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. In other publications, please use: Copyright 2001 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. 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