Microwave Circuit Design: Lab 6
© B. Pejcinovic, P. Wong, O. Woywode

Introduction

This lab looks at the design process behind a simple two-port negative-resistance oscillator circuit. Special procedures for testing and simulating oscillator circuits in MDS are also introduced.

Design Specifications

Block diagram of oscillator

Figure 1: Block diagram of an oscillator using a BJT

You are to construct an oscillator circuit that has a fundamental oscillation frequency of fosc = 3 GHz. The original circuit, along with explanatory notes, can be found on pages 446-448 in the textbook "Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, 2nd Edition".

The core of the oscillator is an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in common-base configuration. In MDS, you can choose transistors that use either linear models or nonlinear models. The linear models are suitable for linear, small-signal applications. However, oscillator circuits assume large-signals and are highly nonlinear by nature. Hence, a nonlinear transistor model is needed in order to accurately simulate the behavior of the oscillator. MDS has a default nonlinear BJT model that you may use for your circuit. The default model will require a few parameter modifications to work properly.

The nonlinear BJT device is not self-biased, so you will need to add DC bias circuits in order to power the oscillator. Fortunately, the bias networks are already provided in the textbook, so you will not have to design them.

In Figure 1, Gamma_T and ZT are the terminating reflection coefficient and terminating impedance, respectively. Also, Gamma_L and ZL are the load reflection coefficient and load impedance, respectively. Gamma_IN is the reflection coefficient looking into the input port of the BJT circuit (which includes the bias circuits).

Design Approach

To keep the lab simple, the following procedure will be used:

  1. Select a transistor that is potentially unstable at the frequency of oscillation.
  2. Choose a Gamma_T for the terminating network that will make |Gamma_IN| > 1,
    where Gamma_IN = (S11 - delta*Gamma_T) / (1 - S22*Gamma_T).
  3. Calculate Gamma_L for the load network that will resonate ZIN at the oscillation frequency.

    If ZIN = RIN + jXIN, then ZL = RL + jXL where RL = |RIN| / 3 and XL = - XIN.


BJT Circuit Characteristics


Assignment

In this section, you will determine the characteristics of the NPN BJT. In order to get valid results, the transistor should be operating at its designed bias point, so the DC bias networks must be in place.

Circuit construction

Characterization test circuit

Figure 2: Characterization test circuit

The NPN BJT is configured for common-base operation. The transistor has a MODEL parameter that specifies the name of the BJT model to be used in the simulation. The MODEL parameter only specifies the model name, but does not define the model parameters.

To actually define the parameters in the nonlinear BJT model, you have to insert a model component onto the circuit page. There are two ways to do this:

  1. BJTMODEL component
    This component looks like a small box with the label * BJT MODEL * and a single parameter called MODEL. There are no other visible parameters in the box. The MODEL parameter should be set to the same name you specified for the BJT. To edit the model parameters, you need to select the component and then choose [MB:PERFORM/EDIT COMPONENT]. MDS will then open a new dialog window that displays all of the model parameters that you can change.

    The main advantages of the BJTMODEL component are that it hides the details of the model and uses the least amount of space on the circuit page. For all of the schematics shown in this lab, the BJTMODEL approach is used exclusively.
  2. BJTMODELFORM component
    This component is a big rectangular box with the label * BJT MODEL * and the parameter MODEL (which should be set to the same name you specified for the BJT). Also within the box is a list of all the model parameters that you can edit.

    The principal advantage of using BJTMODELFORM is that every model parameter is visible at all times, so changing a value here or there is easy. Of course, the major disadvantage is that the form takes up a lot space on the circuit page.

The schematic on page 446 of your textbook is incorrect because it has both model components on the same circuit page. You may choose either model component (the effect is the same), but do not use both of them simultaneously (at least not with the same names).

The DCFEEDs, resistors, and DC voltage supplies form the bias networks for the transistor (VCE = 15 V and IC = 30 mA). The capacitors block DC from reaching the S-ports. Attached to the BJT's collector and emitter are 0.5 nH inductors, which model the inductance of the lead wires. The inductor connected to the base of the BJT provides feedback that enhances the instability of the transistor. At the bottom of the figure are equations for computing the stability factor K and the magnitude of delta.

In the upper right corner of the figure is a control box for performing an S-parameter simulation. You will use this control instead of accessing the standard 'Simulation Setup' dialog window.

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. At a frequency of 3 GHz, what is the stability of the BJT circuit (with its bias networks, etc.)? Justify your conclusion. Pay particular attention to the S-parameter, K, and |delta| values.
  2. From the stability circle data, are there any restrictions on the choice of either Gamma_T or Gamma_L?
  3. The textbook suggests using Gamma_T = 0.8 | 70 degrees for the terminating network. Does that particular reflection coefficient fall within an unstable region?


BJT Circuit Stability vs. Base Inductance


Assignment

You will examine the influence of the BJT's base inductor on the stability of the BJT circuit.

Circuit construction

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. The circuit in the textbook uses L = 0.8 nH for the base inductor. From your plots, explain why this inductance value is a reasonable choice.


Load Network Calculations


Assignment

In this section, you will determine Gamma_IN from Gamma_T. Once Gamma_IN is known, you can then compute the required Gamma_L for the load network.

Calculations

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. Does the computed Gamma_L value fall within an unstable region on the Smith chart?


Verifying Gamma_IN Using MDS


Assignment

You will use MDS to experimentally find Gamma_IN and then compare its value to your calculated Gamma_IN.

Circuit construction

Gamma_IN test circuit

Figure 3: Gamma_IN test circuit

This is essentially the same circuit as in Figure 2, but the S-port on the terminating port has been replaced by a special component labeled S1P. S1P is a single port device that presents a fixed reflection coefficient at its input terminals. This allows you to easily insert a terminating network without worrying about the actual implementation details.

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. For the circuit in Figure 3, Gamma_IN = S11. Does the simulation value for Gamma_IN match your manually calculated value?


Basic Oscillator Tests


Assignment

You will test the oscillator circuit to determine whether or not it has the potential to oscillate.

Circuit construction

OSCTESTG circuit

Figure 4: Oscillator test circuit (OSCTESTG - Nyquist diagram)

The circuit in Figure 4 is similar to the one in Figure 3, with four major exceptions:

  1. The * S-PARAMETER SIMULATION * control box is omitted.
  2. The 1 uF blocking capacitors are replaced by DCBLOCK components.
  3. The S-port that was on the input port of the BJT circuit is replaced by an S1P component (to simulate the load network).
  4. A new device labeled OSCTESTG is inserted in the circuit. It is a probe that measures the open-loop gain and phase of the closed-loop system. By plotting the results on a polar graph (Nyquist diagram), you can determine if the circuit has the potential to oscillate.

Note that the OSCTESTG probe only checks whether or not the circuit satisfies certain oscillation conditions. It does not actually solve the nonlinear equations necessary to simulate the oscillation behavior of the circuit.

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. From your plot information, what is the potential oscillation frequency?


Oscillator Harmonic Balance Test


Assignment

The OSCTESTG probe of the previous section is useful for performing certain linear tests that examine the potential for oscillation. However, OSCTESTG cannot test the oscillation behavior itself, since that requires a nonlinear simulation. To actually test the oscillation mode of the circuit, you will perform a nonlinear simulation using the technique of harmonic balance.

Harmonic balance simulation

The nonlinear oscillator simulation tool is the OSCPORTG component, which is inserted into the oscillator circuit to perform a harmonic balance test. In a harmonic balance analysis, a frequency spectrum is built from individual sinusoids, which are then applied simultaneously to the circuit being simulated. The magnitudes and phases of the sinusoids are the Fourier coefficients of the corresponding time-domain waveform. After a harmonic balance analysis is performed, the result is a set of voltage and current spectra for each node and component in the circuit. Because the nonlinear analysis makes fewer assumptions on waveform behavior than does linear analysis, the results are more rigorous. Since the final loop gain of the oscillator depends on the steady state large signal amplitude, harmonic balance provides a more accurate picture of the oscillator's actual performance.

Circuit construction

OSCPORTG circuit

Figure 5: Oscillator test circuit (OSCPORTG - Harmonic balance)

The harmonic balance test circuit in Figure 5 is similar to the Nyquist test circuit of Figure 4, with two exceptions:

  1. The * HB ANALYSIS * control box is added.
  2. The OSCPORTG component replaces the OSCTESTG device.

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. From the spectrum plot data, what is the fundamental oscillation frequency of the circuit? What is the percentage difference between the frequency computed by harmonic balance and the design value of 3 GHz?

    Note: You may have realized that the potential oscillation frequency predicted by OSCTESTG was relatively far away from the actual oscillation frequency. This should reinforce the idea that the linear open-loop gain/phase plots should serve only as a rough guide to the behavior of the oscillator.
  2. It is evident that the voltage waveform at the output node is sinusoidal, but there is also a distinct "kink" in the waveform. What do you think is causing this effect? (Hint: Look at the higher order harmonics in the spectrum plot.)


Optimization of fosc


Assignment

The fundamental oscillation frequency of the basic oscillator circuit was close to, but not exactly at the desired frequency of 3 GHz. You will now apply some optimization techniques to get a better fit.

Harmonic balance optimization

In the textbook, the author simply states that using the value Gamma_L = 0.75 | -140 degrees will nudge the oscillation frequency to 3 GHz. Hence, you need to optimize the S11m and S11p parameters of the load network S1P component.

In the past, you optimized a circuit by using MDS's built-in optimization routine. The optimization procedure is a little bit more involved for this case so you will instaed perform parameter sweeps.

Theoretically, you should perform a two-level nested sweep on S11m and S11p. To save time and effort on your part, you are allowed to perform two individual sweeps. That is, hold S11m fixed at 0.75 and sweep S11p, and then hold S11p fixed at -140 degrees and sweep S11m. Since we're already told what the optimal load coefficient should be, this allows you to see the dependence of the oscillation frequency on Gamma_L without having to wade through the output from a nested sweep.

Circuit construction

Optimization circuit

Figure 6: Optimization circuit

Figure 6 is basically the same as Figure 5, with a few critical additions:

  1. Equations for SLm and SLp have been added to define the S11m and S11p values, respectively. This is necessary because MDS does not allow you to directly access the S11m and S11p fields of the S1P component for a parameter sweep.
  2. The normal * HB ANALYSIS * control box is replaced by a special swept version.
  3. A STIMULUS box is added to define the sweep range.

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. From the sweep data, is Gamma_L = 0.75 | -140 degrees a good value for the optimal load reflection coefficient?


Terminating and Load Networks


Assignment

In the final section of this lab, you will replace the S1P components (and their fixed reflection coefficients) with normal circuit networks (and their frequency dependent reflection coefficients).

The design requirements are fosc = 3 GHz, Gamma_T = 0.8 | 70 degrees, and Gamma_L = 0.75 | -140 degrees. Remember that the original S-parameter measurements were based on 50 ohm port impedances. This means that the terminating network must transform Gamma_T to 50 ohms, and the load network must transform Gamma_L to 50 ohms.

You may build the terminating and load networks using either ell networks or microstrip.

Circuit construction

Simulation

Output

Items to turn in

Questions

  1. What is the oscillation frequency of your circuit? What is the relative error between the circuit's actual oscillation frequency and the design frequency?
  2. Do the power spectrum and voltage waveform look any different from the results you got using the S1P components?